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Muslim States
Stateless Societies
Hunting, Gathering Societies
Tracing Family Descent
Intro
In African societies families are groups called lineages
To trace a lineage determines on possessions and how they were passed on
Intro
Lineage: believe they are descendants of a common ancestor. These could be people who are passed and ones not yet born
Forest dwellers
Social Structure
This is the oldest form of social organization in the world- beginning in Africa
They form a small percentage of the population
These groups speak their own languages and use their own hunting techniques
People past the Sahara developed systems of government based on lineages. Lineages took the place of kings in some places
Scholars learn clues about how hunter- gatherers might have lived in the past
Stateless Societies did not have a centralized system of power so no family had to much power. So the power was balanced between multiple
Efe- one of the many hunting-gathering societies in Africa
Igbo's also followed a similar system like the Stateless Society
Their home is in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic part of Congo
While stateless societies developed south of the
Sahara, Islam played a vital role in North Africa.
After
Muhammad’s death in 632, Muslims swept across the
northwest part of the continent.
They converted many
by the sword of conquest and others peacefully
Patrilineal society trace their ancestors through their fathers
Matrilineal society trace their ancestors through their mothers
Live in small groups of between 10 and 100 members, all are related
Homes are rarely permanent, once they use up the surrounding areas they move
Women are gatherers and the men do the hunting
Age-Set System
Often use trade to get crops grown by farmers nearby
In African societies people form ties to people out of their lineage through the Age-Set System
An age-set is a certain tie with people of that age
A respected older male typically serves as group leader
Each age pass through life stages, like warriors or elder. Ceremonies mark the passage to each new stage.
He does not give orders but they value his opinion and listen to him
Each family within the band makes its own decisions and can come and go as they please
Men and women have different stages, each stage has its own importance.
Societies use the age-set system to teach discipline, community service, and leadership skills to the young.
Daily life for the Efe is not governed by formal written laws
What feature of the Efe Social Structure is most like that of a democratic society
How is Lineage important to stateless societies?
As Islam spread, some African rulers converted to Islam
These African Muslim
rulers then based their government upon Islamic law.
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If a problem arose an elder member would resolve the problem
How would a conflict between youngest cousins be resolved?
Muslims believe that God’s law
is a higher authority than any human law.
Therefore, Muslim rulers often relied on
religious scholars as government advisers.
In Islam, following the law is a religious obligation.
Muslims do not
separate their personal life from their religious life, and Islamic law regulates almost
all areas of human life.
Islamic law helped to bring order to Muslim states.
Further,
these states sometimes had differing interpretations, and schools, of Islamic law
Nonetheless, Islamic law has been such a significant force in history that some
states, especially in North Africa, are still influenced by it today
Fiercely independent
desert and mountain dwellers, the Berbers were the original inhabitants of North
Africa.
While they accepted Islam as their faith, many maintained their Berber
identities and loyalties.
Two Berber groups, the Almoravids and the Almohads,
founded empires that united the Maghrib under Muslim rule.
In the 11th century, Muslim reformers founded the
Almoravid Empire.
The movement began after
devout Berber Muslims made a hajj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca.
Ibn Yasin’s teachings soon attracted followers,
and he founded a strict religious brotherhood, known
as the Almoravids
According to one theory about the name’s
origin, the group lived in a ribat, or fortified monastery
In the 1050s, Ibn Yasin led the Almoravids in an effort
to spread Islam through conquest.
After Ibn Yasin’s death in
1059, the Almoravids went on to take Morocco and found
Marrakech.
It became their capital. They overran the West
African empire of Ghana by 1076.
The Almoravids also captured parts of southern
Spain, where they were called Moors.
The Almohads began as a religious movement in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco.
The Almohads followed the teachings of Ibn Tumart.
After a pilgrimage to
Mecca, Ibn Tumart criticized the later Almoravid rulers for moving away from the
traditional practice of Islam.
He urged his followers to strictly obey the teachings of
the Qur’an and Islamic law. The Almohads, led by Abd al-Mumin, fought to overthrow.
By 1148 the Almohads controlled most of Morocco and ended Almoravid rule.
The new Muslim reformers kept Marrakech as their capital.
By the end of the 12th
century, they had conquered much of southern Spain. In Africa,
n. The Almohad
Empire broke up into individual Muslim dynasties. While the Almohad Empire lasted
just over 100 years, it united the Maghrib under one rule for the first time.
How do states governed by Islamic law differ from the United States?
How did the Almoravids and the Almohads differ?
How did the religious laws and human laws differ?
Change
Religion
Culture
To what might the Efe attribute their long success as a hunting- gathering society?
Culture
Change
Authority
Government Systems
Culture