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(Muslim States (In Islam, following the law is a religious obligation.…

- - - - They converted many
        by the sword of conquest and others peacefully
        
        As Islam spread, some African rulers converted to Islam
        
        These African Muslim
        rulers then based their government upon Islamic law.
        
        Muslims believe that God’s law
        is a higher authority than any human law.
        
        Therefore, Muslim rulers often relied on
        religious scholars as government advisers.
        
        How did the religious laws and human laws differ?
        
        Understanding Islamic Law
        
        Culture
  - - - Islamic law helped to bring order to Muslim states.
        
        Further,
        these states sometimes had differing interpretations, and schools, of Islamic law
        
        Nonetheless, Islamic law has been such a significant force in history that some
        states, especially in North Africa, are still influenced by it today
        
        Fiercely independent
        desert and mountain dwellers, the Berbers were the original inhabitants of North
        Africa.
        
        While they accepted Islam as their faith, many maintained their Berber
        identities and loyalties.
        
        Two Berber groups, the Almoravids and the Almohads,
        founded empires that united the Maghrib under Muslim rule.
        
        How do states governed by Islamic law differ from the United States?
  - - - Ibn Yasin’s teachings soon attracted followers,
        and he founded a strict religious brotherhood, known
        as the Almoravids
        
        According to one theory about the name’s
        origin, the group lived in a ribat, or fortified monastery
        
        In the 1050s, Ibn Yasin led the Almoravids in an effort
        to spread Islam through conquest.
        
        After Ibn Yasin’s death in
        1059, the Almoravids went on to take Morocco and found
        Marrakech.
        
        It became their capital. They overran the West
        African empire of Ghana by 1076.
        
        The Almoravids also captured parts of southern
        Spain, where they were called Moors.
        
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        Change
  - - - After a pilgrimage to
        Mecca, Ibn Tumart criticized the later Almoravid rulers for moving away from the
        traditional practice of Islam.
        
        He urged his followers to strictly obey the teachings of
        the Qur’an and Islamic law. The Almohads, led by Abd al-Mumin, fought to overthrow.
        
        By 1148 the Almohads controlled most of Morocco and ended Almoravid rule.
        The new Muslim reformers kept Marrakech as their capital.
        
        By the end of the 12th
        century, they had conquered much of southern Spain. In Africa,
        
        n. The Almohad
        Empire broke up into individual Muslim dynasties. While the Almohad Empire lasted
        just over 100 years, it united the Maghrib under one rule for the first time.
      - How did the Almoravids and the Almohads differ?
- - - - Patrilineal society trace their ancestors through their fathers
        
        Matrilineal society trace their ancestors through their mothers
      - Government Systems
  - - - Lineage: believe they are descendants of a common ancestor. These could be people who are passed and ones not yet born
        
        People past the Sahara developed systems of government based on lineages. Lineages took the place of kings in some places
        
        Stateless Societies did not have a centralized system of power so no family had to much power. So the power was balanced between multiple
        
        Igbo's also followed a similar system like the Stateless Society
        
        If a problem arose an elder member would resolve the problem
        
        How would a conflict between youngest cousins be resolved?
        
        Authority
        
        How is Lineage important to stateless societies?
      - African Society
  - - - An age-set is a certain tie with people of that age
        
        Each age pass through life stages, like warriors or elder. Ceremonies mark the passage to each new stage.
        
        Men and women have different stages, each stage has its own importance.
        
        Societies use the age-set system to teach discipline, community service, and leadership skills to the young.
        
        Culture
      - Age Set System in Africa
- - - - They form a small percentage of the population
        
        These groups speak their own languages and use their own hunting techniques
        
        Scholars learn clues about how hunter- gatherers might have lived in the past
        
        Culture
  - - - Their home is in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic part of Congo
        
        Live in small groups of between 10 and 100 members, all are related
        
        Homes are rarely permanent, once they use up the surrounding areas they move
        
        Women are gatherers and the men do the hunting
        
        Often use trade to get crops grown by farmers nearby
        
        Efe
        
        To what might the Efe attribute their long success as a hunting- gathering society?
        
        Change
  - - - He does not give orders but they value his opinion and listen to him
        
        Each family within the band makes its own decisions and can come and go as they please
        
        Daily life for the Efe is not governed by formal written laws
        
        What feature of the Efe Social Structure is most like that of a democratic society