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North and Central African Societies (Stateless Societies (Tracing Family…
North and Central African Societies
Stateless Societies
Tracing Family Decent
The way society traces lineage determines how possessions are passed on and what group of people certain individuals belong to
Patrilineal
When societies trace lineage through their fathers, inheritance pass from father to son
What is a Patrilineal group?
Patrilineal
Matrilineal
When societies trace lineage through their mothers, young men from this culture inherit land and wealth from their mother's family
However, even in matrilineal societies, men usually hold positions of authority
What is a Matrilineal group?
Matrilineal
Leadership
Balance
How is lineage important to stateless societies?
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Age-Set System
In many African societies, younger people form ties to individuals outside of their lineage (Age Set)
What is an age set?
An age set consists of people with in a region who are born around the same time period
Men and women have different life stages; each stage has its own duties and importance.
Balance
Family organization is a key role of African society
Which is called lineage, they believed they were all descendants of one common ancestor
Besides living relatives, lineage included past generations, and future generations
African groups developed a system of governing, which was based on lineage
In some stateless African societies, lineage took the place of rulers
Authority in stateless societies was balanced among lineages, so that one family did not have too much control
Igbo people had no issues settling problems within their village
Whenever a problem arose respected elders from different lineages settled the problem
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Leadership
Identity
Muslim States
while stateless societies developed south of the sahara islam played a vital role in the north africa
Muhammad’s death in 632, Muslims swept across the northwest part of the continent
By 670 muslims ruled egypt and had entered the maghrib the part of north africa that is today the mediterranean coast of libya tunisia algeria and morocco
As Islam spread, some African rulers converted to Islam. These African Muslim rulers then based their government upon Islamic law.
Muslims believe that God’s law is a higher authority than any human law. Therefore, Muslim rulers often relied on religious scholars as government advisers.
Islamic Law
In Islam, following the law is a religious obligation. Muslims do not separate their personal life from their religious life, and Islamic law regulates almost all areas of human life
Islamic law helped to bring order to Muslim states.
However, various Muslim states had ethnic and cultural differences. Further, these states sometimes had differing interpretations, and schools, of Islamic law.
Nonetheless, Islamic law has been such a significant force in history that some states, especially in North Africa, are still influenced by it today.
How do states governed by Islamic law differ from the unites states?
answer
Balance
Almoravid Reformers
In the 11th century, Muslim reformers founded the empire
The movement began after devout Berber Muslims made a hajj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca.
On their journey home, they convinced a Muslim scholar from Morocco named Abd Allah Ibn Yasin to return with them to teach their people about Islam.
Ibn Yasin’s teachings soon attracted followers, and he founded a strict religious brotherhood, known as the almoravids
How did the almoravids and the Almohads Differ?
answer
identity
Almonhads Take Over
in the mid 1100s the almohads another group of Berber Muslim reformers, seized power from the Almoravids.
The Almohads began as a religious movement in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco.
The Almohads followed the teachings of Ibn Tumart. After a pilgrimage to Mecca, Ibn Tumart criticized the later Almoravid rulers for moving away from the traditional practice of Islam.
He urged his followers to strictly obey the teachings of the Qur’an and Islamic law.
By 1148 the Almohads controlled most of Morocco and ended Almoravid rule. The new Muslim reformers kept Marrakech as their capital.
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leadership
Almoravid
Hunter- Gathering Societies
The oldest form of social organization in the world began in Africa
The oldest form of social organization in the world began in Africa
Gathering the societies still exist in Africa
The formed an extremely small percentage of the population
These groups speak their own languages and often use their own hunting techniques
Scholars learn clues about how hunter- gatherers may have lived in the past
To what might the Efe attribute their long success as a hunting-gathering society?
answer
SELF INTEREST
LINK
Forest Dwellers
The Efe are just one of several hunting- gathering societies in Africa
They make their homes in the Ituri forest
Their ancestors, the modern day Efe live in small groups of 10-100
Each family occupies in its own grass and brush shelter within camp
Them searching for food causes them to be somewhat nomadic
Few possessions and more to new camps,
Women are gatherers, they walk through the forest
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SUPPLY & DEMAND
they use up the resources in surrounding area
They made this in the democratic republic of Congo (formerly Zaire)
TRADE
Social Structure
Older male, father, uncle or father in law
although the members of the group listen to and value this man's opinion
each family within the band makes its own decisions and is free to come and go
settle arguments through long discussions, if conflicts cannot be settled by talking,
a group member will then decide to move to a different hunting band
What feature of the Efe social structure is most like that of a democratic society?
answer
SOCIAL SYSTEMS
he does not give orders or act as chief
LEADERSHIP