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(Muslim States (Almohads Take Over (This group was also made up of Berber…
Muslim States
After Muhammad’s death in 632, many Muslims migrated across the northwest part of Africa.
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Many Africans then converted to Islam with thoughts that God’s law is a higher authority than any human law, so Muslim rulers often relied on religious scholars as government advisers.
Islamic Law
The Islamic law regulates almost all areas of life, which helped to bring order to Muslim states.
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Many different states had different interpretations that sent along with the Islamic law. It was so significant that in North Africa is still influenced by it today.
Out of the many people that converted to Muslim, the Berbers were the original inhabitants of North Africa. The two groups are Almoravids and the Almohads and they were independent desert and mountain dwellers.
Almoravid Reformers
This group was founded from a Berber group that was living in the western Sahara. This took place after the hajj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca.
On their way, they met a scholar from Morocco named Abd Allah Ibn Yasin, where they wanted him to return with them and teach about Islam. This attracted many followers and formed a botherhood called the Almoravids.
Then, 1050s, Ibn Yasin led the Almoravids in an effort to spread Islam, but soon ended because of his death. The Almoravids later toke Morocco and Marrakech, which became their capital, and overran the west African empire of Ghana by 1076
How did they meet the scholar, Abd Allah Ibn Yasin?
Almohads Take Over
This group was also made up of Berber Muslims but they seized power from the Almoravids by creating a religious movement in the Atlas Mountains of morocco.
After the Pilgrimage to Mecca Ibn Tumart, their teacher, criticized how the Almoravids were moving away from the traditional practices of Islam. So he urged his followers to obey the Qur'an and Islamic law. Later the Almohads, led by Abd al-Mumin fought the Almoravids to overthrow them.
Later, By 1148 the Almohads controlled most of Morocco and ended under Almoravid's control, and by the end of the 12th century, they had conquered a lot of souther Spain and expanded their land in Africa. This empire later broke up into individual Muslim dynasties. This didn't last long but it united the Maghrib under one rule for the first time.
Because of this, stronger empires emerged and societies in West Africa created empires that boasted economic and political power and strong links to trade routes.
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Stateless Societies
South of the sahara, many African groups developed systems of governing based on lineages. In some African societies, lineage groups took the place of rulers.
These societies known as stateless societies did not have a centralized system of power, instead authority in a stateless society was balanced among lineages of equal power so nobody had more control.
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If a dispute arose within the Igbo village, respected elders from different lineages settled the problem.
Igbos later encountered challenges from the 19th century European colonizers who expected one single leader to rule over society
Tracing Family Descent
In African societies, the way a society traces lineage determines how possessions and property are passed on and what groups individuals belong to.
Members of a partilineal society trace their ancestors through their fathers. Inheritance passes from father to son
When a son marries, he, his wife, and their children remain part of his fathers extended family
In a matrilineeal society, children trace their ncestors through their mothers
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In many African societys, families are organized in groups called lineages.
Within the lineage, members feel strong loyalties to each other
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