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CHAPTER 9-11 (The enlightenment (Deism (Belief in a universe with no…

- - - - State of turmoil: people are "good" but are vulnerable
      - Government is there to protect the rights of the people
      - People should be able to overthrow their government if it does not fulfill the needs of the people
    - - FRENCH thinkers, but NOT professional scholars
      - Denis Diderot
        
        Wrote The encyclopedia
      - Rousseau
        
        General Will of the people (majority rules)
        
        Men are good, but society corrupts them.
        
        Against Equality for women
      - Baron de Montesquieu
        
        Loathed absolutism
        
        separation of powers
        
        Checks and balances
        
        Strong influence on american government
      - Voltaire
        
        Strong deist
        
        Advocated religious toleration
        
        Against organized religion
    - - Francois Quesnay
        
        Led the Physiocrats
        
        Laissez-Faire in agriculture
      - Adam Smith
        
        Wealth of Nations
        
        Laissez-Faire
        
        free market economy
        
        law of supply and demand (invisible Hand)
- - - - Subsistence economy
        
        Make enough to survive
        
        all extra goes to taxes
        
        little to no room for advancement
        
        Bad housing, peasantry can barely survive.
      - Open field system
        
        land was farmed by peasants in common, no fences or individual fields
        
        Soil exhaustion was common.
        
        some fields were left fallow
        
        Crops failed about every five years, resulting in famine.
        
        Heavy taxes
        
        Open fields and meadows were essential for grazing cattle
        
        Mass slaughter of cattle before winter, due to lack of enough grain.
      - 80% of population were farmers
    - - Selective breeding of livestock
      - enclosure movement
        
        Fields and pastures were fenced off by owners to keep their animals seperate.
        
        Ended the open field system in England
      - Low countries led the way (Britain and Netherlands) in agricultral advancement
        
        Charles vincent "turnip" townshend
        
        Suggested that tuber crops like turnips replenished nutrients better than leaving soil fallow.
        
        advanced crop rotation: turnips, beans, peas, clover, potatoes.
        
        Manure for fertilizer
        
        drained land in England for farming.
        
        Cornelius Vermuyden: Drainage of lands
        
        Jethro Tull
        
        Seed Drill: Crops in rows, rather than scattering by hand. Less wasted.
        
        Used horses for plowing
        
        Robert Bakewell
        
        Selective breeding of livestock
        
        Manure for fertilizer
      - Colombian Exchange
        
        Potatoes, corn, beans, and chocolate, among others, were brought to Europe
        
        Gold and silver were found in Americas
        
        Slaves and livestock were sent to Americas
        
        SUGAR: most important atlantic crop
      - Corn Laws
        
        Tariffs on foreign grain
        
        Prices of grain shot up due to lack of competition
        
        Peasantry could not afford food
    - - Europes population exploded( in a good way)
      - Enclosure movement changed villiage life
      - Urbanization: peasants looking for work go to cities
      - Cottage industry
        
        Avoiding guild system
        
        Peasants in countryside worked from home to produce goods
        
        Early precursor to factory system
      - The potato becomes essential food crop.
      - Better sanitation in towns
      - New inventions
        
        John Kay: Flying Shuttle
        
        James Hargreaves: Spinning jenny