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North and Central African Societies (Hunter Gatherer Societies (Tyler)…
North and Central African Societies
Hunter Gatherer Societies
(Tyler)
Forest Dwellers
The Efe are one of several hunting gathering societies in Africa. They make their home in the Ituri forest in the Democratic republic of Congo.
To what might the Efe attribute their long success as a hunting-gathering society?
Being a somewhat nomadic group continuing to move every so often
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Efe
They do not usually stay in one place at a time for a while.
their seach for food makes them somewhat nomadic.
The Efe men hunt, and the women are gatherers. they gather things such as roots, yams, mushrooms, and wild seeds
sometimes the men gather in groups to hunt small antelope called duikers.
At times hunters go solo and use poisoned tipped arrows.
Social Structure
What feature of the Efe Social Structure is most like that of a democratic society?
They settle arguments through long discussions, and if nothing is resolved a member may decide to move to a different hunting band.
A respected older male Such as a father figure is typically the Leader.
Although group members listen to and obviously value the leaders opinion, he does not give out orders or act like he is cheif.
Leadership
: The respected male was the leader in the group
Members of this group settle arguments ver over long discussions. If decisions cannot be made settled by talking, a group member may move to a different hunting band.
the Efe traded honey, wild game, and other forest products for crops grown by farmers.
The oldest form of Social organization in the world began in Africa with hunting gathering societies. Hunting gathering is still a part of Africa today though it makes up a very small part of the population.
These groups have their own language and they have their own hunting techniques.
Stateless Societies
(Megan)
Families are organized in groups called
lineages
Many African groups made systems of governing based on lineages
Stateless societies
didn't have centralized systems of power. Power was divided among different lineages so no one had too much control
How would a conflict between youngest cousins be resolved?
When two cousins have an argument, their families take their sides. It goes to the oldest generation and is resolved through a negotiation meeting.
One group, the Igbo, faced challenges when European colonizers expected one leader to rule over society
More about the Igbo:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Igbo
Members of a lineage believe they have descended from a common ancestor
A lineage includes both past and future generations
Members have strong loyalties towards one another
How is lineage important to stateless societies?
Since they didn't have a centralized system of power, they relied on each other to settle issues and make plans. It's a way to share power. Family and loyalty was important to them, too.
Social Systems:
Lineage was their social system where they all followed a set of behaviors
Tracing Family Descent
Patrilineal
societies traced ancestors through fathers
Matrilineal
societies traced ancestors through mothers
Men still held positions of authority in matrilineal societies, and could inherit land and wealth from the mother's family
Patrilineal vs Matrilineal societies:
http://study.com/academy/lesson/matrilineal-and-patrilineal-descent-systems.html
Age-Set System
Each generation is close to one another. Even if two people were from different lineages, they could still form close ties with one another
Ceremonies were performed to commemorate people moving on to the next stage of life
Each stage of life has its own duties and purposes
Values and Beliefs:
They believed in many things, one of them being the different stages of life
Muslim States
(Braedon)
By 670, Muslims ruled Egypt.
Islamic Law
Among those who converted to Islam were the Berbers.
Almoravid Reformers
How did the Almoravids and the Almohads differ?
In the 11th century, Muslim reformers founded the
Almoravid Empire.
Its members came from a Berber group living in the western Sahara in what is today Mauritania.
Ibn Yasin’s teachings soon attracted followers, and he founded a strict religious brotherhood, known as the Almoravids.
The movement began after devout Berber Muslims made a hajj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca.
On their journey home, they convinced a Muslim scholar from Morocco named Abd Allah Ibn Yasin to return with them to teach their people about Islam.
In the 1050s, Ibn Yasin led the Almoravids in an effort to spread Islam through conquest. After Ibn Yasin’s death in 1059, the Almoravids went on to take Morocco and found Marrakech. It became their capital.
Fiercely independent desert and mountain dwellers, the Berbers were the original inhabitants of North Africa. While they accepted Islam as their faith, many maintained their Berber identities and loyalties.
Two Berber groups, the Almoravids and the Almohads, founded empires that united the Maghrib under Muslim rule.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berber
In Islam, following the law is a religious obligation.
Muslims do not separate their personal life from their religious life, and Islamic law regulates almost all areas of human life.
Various Muslim states had ethnic and cultural differences.
Further, these states sometimes had differing interpretations, and schools, of Islamic law.
Islamic law has been such a significant force in history that some
states, especially in North Africa, are still influenced by it today.
Muslims believe that God’s law is a higher authority than any human law. Therefore, Muslim rulers often relied on religious scholars as government advisers.
How do states governed by Islamic law differ from the United States?
Islamic law relies on religion a lot, and the United States government tries to avoid involving religion.
Religion
: The Muslims valued religion over government usually
As Islam spread, some African rulers converted to Islam.
These African Muslim rulers then based their government upon Islamic law.
while stateless society's developed south of the Sahara, Islam played a vital roll in North Africa.
After Muhammads death in 632, Muslims swept across the northwest part of the continent.