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North & Central African Societies (Muslim States (Islamic Law (Helped…
North & Central African Societies
Stateless Societies
As in other parts fo the world, family organization is central to African society.
In their societies, families are organized in groups they called lineages.
The members of a lineage includes past generations like ancestors and future generations like children who are not born yet.
These lineages all have a strong loyalty to one another.
South of the Sahara, many African groups developed systems of governing based on lineages.
Societies known as stateless societies, didn't have a central system of power.
The Igbo people of southern Nigeria lived in a stateless society as ealy as the ninth century.
If there were ever a dispute in the Igbo village, the respected elders settled the problems.
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How is lineage important to stateless societies?
Culture- Customs or way of life in a community.
Tracing Family Descent
In African societies, the way a society traces lineage determines how possessions and property are passed on and what groups individuals belong to.
Members of a patrilineal society trace their ancestors through their fathers
Inheritance passes from father to son, when the son marries, his family will be part of his father's extended family.
In a matrilineal society, children trace their ancestors through their mothers.
Young men from a matrilineal culture inherit land and wealth from their mother's family.
Age-Set System
In many African societies, young people form close ties to individuals outside of their lineage through the age-set system.
An age set consists of young people within a region who are born during a certain time period
Each age set passes together through clearly identified life stages such as warrior or elder.
Men and women have different life stages, and each stage has its own duties and importance.
Societies like the Igbo use the age-set system to teach dicipline, community service, and leadership skills to their young.
Social Systems
Stateless Societies
Muslim States
Islamic Law
Muslims don't separate their personal life from their religious life
Regulates almost all areas of human life
Helped bring order to muslim states
Muslim states had ethnic & cultural differences
States had different interpretations & schools of Islamic Law
Among those who converted were the Berber, Fiercely independent desert and Mountain dwellers & original inhabitants of North Africa
Accepted Islam as their faith, but still maintained their own identities and loyalties
Almoravid Reformers
Founded in the 11th century from a group of Berbers living in western sahara in what's today Mauritania.
Movement began after devout muslims made a pilgramage to Mecca
Canvinced Abd allah Ibn Yasin, muslim scholar from Morocco, to return with them to teach their people about Islam
Yasin's teachings soon attracted followers founding a strict religious brotherhood known as the Almoravids.
More about Abd Allah Ibn Yasin
Muslims swept across northwest Africa after Mahammad's death in 632
By 670, Muslims ruled Egypt & had entered the Maghrib
Maghrib- The part of North Africa that is today the Mediterranean coast of Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, & Morocco
Almohads Take Over
Another group of berber muslim reformers that siezed power from the Almoravids in the mid 1100's
Began as a religious movement in the atlas mountians of Morocco
Almohads controlled most of Morocco ending Almoravid rule by 1148
Conquered much of southern Spain by the end of the 12th century breaking up into individual dynasties and lasting just over 100 years uniting Maghrib under one rule for the first time
Followed the teachings of Ibn Tumart
Criticized Almoravid rulers for moving away from traditional Islamic practice
Urged his followers to strictly obey the teachings of the Qur'an and Islamic Law
More about the Almohads
How do states governed by Islamic law Differ from the United States?
How did the Almoravids and the Almohads differ?
The Almoravida followed Ibn Yasin while the Almohads followed Ibn Turnart
Hunting-Gatering Societies
Forest Dwellers
These homes are rarely permanent as there search for food makes them move from camp to camp to find new resources.
{Link}:
http://africankingdomefe.weebly.com/history-of-efe.html
The modern-day Efe live in small groups with 10-100 members. They are all related, with each having the same family occupies.
In the Eye society, there were women gatherers, they would walk through forests in search of roots, yams, mushrooms, and wild seeds.
Efe men and older boys would do the hunting. Sometimes they would gather in groups to hunt antelope.
The Efe would add honey to there diet by trading there wild game, and other forest products.
What was the government used by the Efe?
Efe are just one of several hunting-gathering societies in Africa. They make there homes in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Government: Democratic Republic of Congo where they lived in the Ituri Forest.
How were monkeys killed by the Efe?
They would use poison-tipped arrows to kill many mammals, mainly monkeys.
Hunting-Gathering
These groups speak there own languages and often use their own hunting techniques .
Scholars have learned clues about how hunter-gatherers have lived in the past.
Hunting-gathering societies still exist in Africa today, though are a extremely small percentage of the population.
{Link}:
https://www.ancient.eu/contribute/
Social Structure
Groups members would settle arguments through long discussions.
People who would lead the Efe's would consist of older men, such as fathers. These men would not give orders like ordinary chiefs.
Social: Hunting-gathering was the oldest form of social organization in the world, beginning in Africa.