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North & Central African Societies (Stateless societies (As in other…
North & Central African Societies
Muslim States
After Muhmammad's death, Islam swept across Africa
Conquest: The subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by use of military force.
African rulers converted to Islam, and used Muslim law to rule their nations
Islamic Law
Following the law is a religious rule.
Islamic law brought order to Muslim North Africa
Such large importance many countries are still impacted by it today
How do states governed by Islamic law differ from the United States?
Their laws and rules are based directly off of religion when US law is supposed to be religious free.
Almoravids
A berber group went on a Hajj to Mecca, and brought back a Muslim scholar.
His teachings soon gathered a following, and they formed the Almoravids
The Almoravids went on a conquest and captured many African lands.
Almohads
After about 200 years of Almoravid rule, the Almohads seized power.
They preached much stricter following of traditional Islamic Law
The Almohads conquered southern Spain, and much of northern Africa.
Their rule only lasted a 100 years, but united this region for the first time
How did the Almoravids and the Almohads differ?
The Almohads wanted to follow traditional Muslim law much more strictly than the Almoravids.
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Hunting-Gathering Societies
Efe society
they gather roots, yams, mushrooms, and wild seeds in the forest
men do the hunting
women are the gatherers
gather in small groups to hunt duikers
solo hunters use poison-tipped arrows to kill mammals such as monkeys
they diet by trading honey, wild game, and other forest products for crops grown by farmers nearby
What feature of the Efe Social Structure is most like that of a democratic society?
Their great hunting skills
To what might the Efe attribute their long success as a hunting-gathering society?
They could help others learn a good hunting techniques and skills
Oldest form of social organization in the world
They speak their own language
They have their own hunting techniques
Small percentage of the population today
Began in Africa
Forest Dwellers
live in small groups of 10-100
Homes are made in Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Homes aren't permenant
they move when they've used all the resources around them
Social Structure
everyone is able to come and go
they settle arguments through long descussions
the leader doesn't act like chief
Leadership: To be responsible for guiding a group of people or nation.
if they problem doesn't get solved, someone will move to a different hunting band
group leaders were either father, uncles, or father-in-laws
They aren't governed by formal written laws
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer
Stateless societies
As in other parts of the world family organization is central to African society. In many African societies families are organized in groups called lineages.
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The members of a lineage believe they are descendants of a common ancestor. Besides its living members a lineage includes past generations (spirits of ancestors) and future generations (children not yet born) .
within a lineage members feel strong loyalties to one another.
South of the Sahara many African groups developed systems of governing based on lineages. In some African societies lineage groups took the place of rulers.
These societies know as stateless societies did not have a centralized system of power. Instead authority in a stateless society was balanced among lineages of equal power so that no one family had to much control.
The igbo people also called bio of Southern Nigeria lived inn a stateless society as early as the ninth century. If a dispute arose within an igbo village respected elders from different lineages settled the problem.
igbos later encountered challenges from the 19th century European colonizers who expected one single leader to rule over society
Tracing Family Dsecent
In African societies the way society traces lineage determines how possessions and property are passed on and what groups individuals belong to. Members of a partenil society trace their ancestors through their fathers.
inheritance passes from father to son. When a son marries he his wife and their children remain part of his fathers extended family. in a materinnil society children Chas their ancestors through their mothers.
Young men from a matennil culture inherit land and wealth from their mothers family. however even in an maternnill society men usually hold the positions of authority.
Age set system
In many African societies young people form close ties to to individuals outside of their lineage through the age set system. an age set consists of young people within a region who are born during a certain time period.
Each age set passes together through clearly identified life stages such as warrior or elder. Cermonies mark the passage of each new state.
Men and women have different life stages and each stage has its own duties and importance. societies like the igbo use the age set system to teach discipline community service and leadership skills to their young.
How is Lineage important to stateless societies? Lineage is important because thats how the government works you could say .
How would a conflict between youngest cousins be resolved? Respected elders would step in and help resolve the problems.
Government Systems: The institutions or systems which make up the government of a nation.