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Urinary System (Tubular secretion / Loop of Henle (What is secreted where?…

- - - - Through the counter current multiplier effect a hypertonic medulla is created allowing reabsorption of water from the collecting duct and the decending limb via osmosis
  - - - wastes must be secreted from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules
        
        MOST secretion occurs in the distal convoluted tubule
  - - - Paracellular transport
        
        Between epithelium cells of the tubular wall
      - transcellular transport
        
        across the epithelial cells by channels
  - - - Uric acid
        
        urea
        
        Drugs
        
        H+
    - - only at the ascending
        
        Urea and K+
    - - K+
        
        H+
    - - K+
- - - - proximal convoluted tubule
        
        Loop of henle
        
        Distal convoluted tubule
        
        Collecting duct
  - - - 99% of filtrate will be reabsorbed into blood from renal tubules
        
        MOST reabsorption Occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule
        
        Wastes are not reabsorbed they continue through the renal tubules
  - - - Particles move through walls of tubules by a concentration gradient high to low concentrations
        
        particles diffuse into the blood
        
        If there are ions it cant do it without an Active transport channel
    - - Movement of water from a low to a high concentration because solutes cant diffuse
        
        when diffusion can't occur
        
        Water follows salt
    - - Proteins powered by ATP to move materials against its concentration gradient in a cell membrane
        
        creating the concentration
        
        Sodium ions are actively transported from the nephron tubules into the interstinal space where they diffuse in the blood
- - - - kidney releases renin
        
        Angiotensin 1
        
        Ace, enzyme that changes from 1 ---> 2
        
        Angiotensin 2
  - - - ADH secreted from pituitary leading to water absorption
  - - - major calyx
        
        renal pelvis
        
        uterer
        
        Urinary bladder
        
        uretra
- - - - The pressure of the blood against the walls of the glomerulus
    - - One of the two forces that work against Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
        
        This is caused by pressure of fluid in the capsule itself
    - - One of the two forces that work against Glomerular Hydrostatic pressure
        
        This is due to osmotic pressure
    - - The total pressure when all 3 forces are combined
        
        GHP - ( CHP + BCOP)= 10 mm Hg or net filtration
    - - water, amino acids, glucose, sodium and chloride ions, urea, uric acid, and other material
        
        EXCEPT red blood cells and proteins
  - - - is Primarily controlled by the juxtaglomerular apparatus
        
        This is made up of juxtaglomerular cells that produce renin
        
        Macula densa is a set of chemo-receptors cells in the nephron that monitor filtrate concentration
    - - Autoregulation which is accomplished by Myogenic cells
        
        This consists of stretch receptors in Afferent arterioles
        
        These receptors sense dilation of the blood vessel due to increased blood pressure and respond by constricting blood flow into the glomerulus.
        
        At the same time macula densa monitors ion concentrations in the loop of henle constricting afferent arterioles if ion concentration is too high
      - Neural regulation
        
        This involves the sympathetic nervous system
        
        Smooth muscles can constrict the afferent arteriole.
        
        This results decease blood flow and filtration into the glomerulus
        
        decrease in GFR, decrease in urine production, retain fluid , and maintain blood volume
      - Hormonal regulation
        
        This involves the enzyme renin produced by the junxtaglomerular cells
        
        Renin acts on angiotensin which then increases vasoconstriction , resorption, and release aldosterone and ADH, increasing blood pressure
        
        If blood pressure increase too much atrial wall stretches, ANP released by the heart, renin release from granular cells in the JG apparatus inhibited. ---> results in decrease in angiotensin 2 production
        
        Result in increased blood flow and filtration into the glomerulus, increase in GFR, increase in urine production, loss of additional fluid, and decrease in blood volume