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North and Central African Societies (Muslim States (African rulers…
North and Central African Societies
Muslim States
Many people converted to Islam
By 670, Muslims ruled Egypt and Maghrib
African rulers converted to Islam, based the government on Islamic Law
Islamic Law
Personal and Religious lives are not separate
Brought order to Muslim states
Some Muslim states had cultural and ethnic differences, so the Islamic Law was interpreted differently
Some states are still influenced by it today
Berbers converted to Islam
Berbers were desert and mountain dwellers
There were two Berber groups: Almoravids and Almohads
Almoravid Reformers
The members lived in the western Sahara
Made a pilgrimage to Mecca
Muslim scholar returned with them and taught them about Islam
The teachings attracted more people, and they became known as the Almoravids
Ibn Yasin led them to spread Islam through conquest
Almoravids captured many cities
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Almohads Take Over
They seized power over the Almoravids
Followed the teachings of Ibn Tumart, he made his followers strictly follow the Qur'an and Islamic law
Fought to overthrow the Almoravids
Conquered a lot of southern Spain
United the Maghrib for the first time
Revolution
How did the Almoravids and the Almohads differ?
Answer
Religion
Islamic Law
How do states governed by Islamic Law differ from the United States?
United States government is based on the Bible, while theirs is based on the Islamic religion
Religious scholars were government advisors
Map of Maghrib
Hunting Gathering societies is the oldest form of social organization which began in Africa
Hunting-Gathering still exists in Africa today, scholars have found clues to how they might have lived in the past.
Forest Dwellers
They make their home in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of Congo
The Efe live in small groups of between 10 and 100 members, everyone is related.
Never have a permanent home
In Efe society women are the gathers
Men and older boys do all the hunting
Sometimes the men will hunt solo using poisoned tipped arrows to kill mammals such as monkeys
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They hunt small antelope called duikers
Collecting roots, yams, mushrooms, and wild seeds
Social Structure
A respected older male is seen as the group leader
The group leader does not give orders but his opinion is held in high regards
Efe life is not governed by formal laws and disputes are settled through long discussions
To what might the Efe attribute their long success as a hunting-gathering society?
Isolation and relying on family to take care of each other
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Stateless Societies
Southern-Saharan African groups were able to develop government based on lineages
Sometimes they would even take over the rulers
Those societies were known as stateless societies and they did not have a centralized system of power
Power and authority was balanced among lineages
The Igbo lived in a stateless society as early as the ninth century
Elders would settle disputes
Igbo Culture
In African society family organization was central.
They were organized into groups called lineages
Members of a lineage believed that they were descendants of a common encestor
They also included past and future generations
They all felt strong loyalties to one another
Tracing Family Descent
In certain African societies, their lineage determines how things are inherited and what groups individuals belong to.
In patrilineal societies they trace their ancestors through their fathers
Things are passed to their sons and their families
In matrilineal societies they trace their ancestors through their mothers
Things are passed from their mothers to the sons. Men still hold positions of authority
Age-Set System
Each age set goes through life milestones together such as warrior or elder
There are special ceremonies for each
Men and women have different life stages
Young individuals form close ties outside their lineage through the age-set system.
An age set like a generation for certain regions
The Igbo use the system to teach important skills
More About Age-Set system
How does lineage help balance the power in some stateless societies?
Lineage helps balance the power in some stateless societies by making sure no family has more power or control than another family.
How would a conflict between youngest cousins be resolved?
The elders would resolve it.
Hunting-Gathering Societies
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Government Systems
Culture
Interdependence
Social Systems