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Bioenergetics (Oxidative Phosphorylation (Complex IV: Cytochrome C Oxidase…
Bioenergetics
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Complex III: Coenzyme Q-Cytochrome C Reductase
Fe-S center
Complex IV: Cytochrome C Oxidase
Redox centers
Copper-Copper complex
Iron (heme)-copper complex
Reduces O2 to H2O
Complex II: Succinate CoQ Reductase
Accepts e- from FADH2
Complex V
Rotational catalysis to make ATP
C, gamma and sigma subunits rotate
Complex I: NADH Dehydrogenase
Flavin mononucleotide
Fe-S center
Cytochrome C
Heme
Carries 1e- to complex IV
Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q)
Carries 2e- to complex III (oxidized to reduced)
ATP/ADP Transfer Out/Into Matrix
Adenine Nucelotide Translocase (antiporter)
Phosphate translocase (symporter)
Energy Sources
Sources
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Mitochondria
2000 per cell
TCA
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP
ETC
Genome
Mutations are frequent
Encodes
13 proteins for oxidative phosphorylation
22 tRNAs
2 rRNAs
Inherited maternally
Disease
Multisystem
Lactic acidosis is common
Ex: Fatal Infantile Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Transporters
Glucose Transporter 2 (uniporter)
Sodium Glucose Transporter 1 (symporter)
NaK ATPase
Glucose Transporter 4 (dependent on insulin)
Reactive Oxygen Species
Complications
Enzyme degradation
Collagen/ECM degradation
Genetic mutations
Apoptosis via MPT
COENZYME Q
Immunity
Neutrophils
NADPH oxidase
Neutrophil extracellular traps
H2O2 serves as chemoattractant
Protections
Catalase: hydrogen peroxide to H2O
Glutathione Peroxidase: H2O2 to H20 via oxidizing glutathione
Superoxide Dismutase: superoxide to h2o2
Signal Transduction
Tyrosine Kinase
Ex: Insulin Receptor
Increased glycogen synthesis
Increased lipid synthesis
Increased GLUT4 transporters fr glucose uptake
Nuclear Receptors
Hormone/steroid bind directly to DNA
G Protein
GDP-> GTP
Ex: cAMP
Ex: Phosphoinositides
Calcium release