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Corrections (Incarceration (Prison Programs (Evidence-Based Practice…
Corrections
Incarceration
Goals: custodial model, rehabilitation model, reintegration model
different than other institution because nobody wants to be there, can't select the clients, clients must cooperate and help daily operation
Warden (Superintendents) responsibilities: typically four asst. superintendents for larger facilities (management, custody, programs, industry and agriculture
Challenges: defects of total power, rewards and punishments, exchange relationships, inmate leadership
Correctional Officers: mostly male (75%), mostly white (68%),
Use of Force: self defense, defense of another, upholding prison rules, prevention of crime/escapes
no firearms in facility/but armeries outside, so hand to hand force is typical
Prison Programs
thought to help rehabilitate prisoners into society and keep them from being hostile in prison, but not always supported for thoughts of "coddling" prisoners
Evidence-Based Practice
Level of Service Inventory- structured interviews with individual prisoners to gather information about their criminal history, education, family/relationships, substance abuse, emotional/personal issues, social attitudes, etc.
Focus resources on high-risk offenders, should 40-70% of time in highly structured activities in months before and after release
"treatment should be delivered as a life-long plan for changing entrenched negative lifestyle behaviors"
Hard to implement because of backlash from taxpayers and lack of resources (staff, time, money)
Classification- process of assigning an inmate to a category based on his or her risk to security, education, work skills, and readiness for release
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Education Programs
Approx. 80% of prisons offered GED programs, but only 35% offer college courses
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Vocational Education
problem is most teach job skills not in demand or out of date, and not taught how to act in workplace/with coworkers, certain jobs can't be held by felons, so they're being taught jobs they can never actually hold
"Affordable Homes Program (Minnesota)"- teaches prisoners construction skills as they build homes for low-income families
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Prison Industries
rely on prisoners for food making, maintenance, clerical, etc., or make furniture/clothing
downside is recidivism not good
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Medical Services
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For extreme cases, prisoners may be transported to hospitals
Brown v. Plata (2011)- 8th amendment against cruel and unusual punishment was being impeded, order of California to reduce incarcerated population
Juveniles
Puritan Era (1645-1824)- Mass. Stubborn Child Law in 1646, seen as "evil", discipline by family and law if needed
Refuge Period (1824-1899)- reform schools, seen as helpless/requiring supervision and care, same CJS as adults
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Crime Control Period (1980-2005)- harsher punishment for juveniles, sent to adult court a lot
"Kids are Different" (2005-present)- child reform, family rehabilitation
Categories of Cases- Delinquent Child, person in need of supervision (PINS), Neglected child, dependent child
Correctional Options (60% of pop.)- Intermediate Sanctions( community corrections/services, restitution, fines), Custodial Care( residential treatment programs, detention/incarceration, Outpatient treatment/aftercare
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Doing Time
(in or out)
Classification is based upon: risk to security, education, ability to work, readiness/time to release
Special Populations
Elderly (over age of 50-55)- approx. 152,000, increased cost in medical/security needs ($69,000), programming and environmental needs
Prisoners w/ HIV/AIDS (1.6%)- decline in AIDS deaths due to treatment improvements, increased medical costs, programming/education
Mentally Ill- deinstitutionalization of mental healthcare (increase in prescription meds, outpatient treatment), influx in mentally ill into CJS, issues of cost, security, psychiatric units
Long-Term Inmates (20+)- transition into elderly inmates, issues of mental health, programming, connection to community
Prison Proper
Inmate Code- ruleset within prison (no tattletales, no stealing, prison rape), Adaptive roles ( doing time, gleaning, jailing, disorganized)
Prison Economy- result of deprivation, legit channels are monitored, bartering system (goods, services, black market, debt)
Violence- Factors: age( younger), race( affects living space, programs etc.), mental illness Types: prisoner v. prisoner, prisoner v. officer, officer v. prisoner
How to combat violence- adequate supervision, architectural design, reducing availability of weapons, proper use of classification, avoid overcrowding
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Re-entry
Institution Reentry- reduces cost by moving offenders to the community, implementation of prep programs in facility, half-way houses, work release programs in the community
Parole- conditional release of offender from incarceration, but not from legal custody of the state, 3 basic concepts: grace, contract, custody
Origin of Parole
Maconochie (British penal colonies in Tazmania)- strict imprisonment, labor on chain gang, limited freedom, ticket of leave/conditional pardon, full restoration of liberty
Challenges for Parolees- few belonging, no money, employment, housing, stigma, stress/sobriety (coping mechanisms)
Parole Agent
As Cop- keep community safe, may search w/out notice/warrant, enforce conditions or release, arrest w/out bail for suspected violations
As Social Worker- assist w/ housing/employment, liaison between parole and the community, build relationship for success, sometimes most dependent person for parolee
Revocation of Parole- new crime, technical violation, use of intermediate sanctions
Morrissey v. Brewer(1972)- hearing to determine probable cause, parole board determines if violation, and response
Release Mechanisms
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Mandatory Release- maximum-good time, or % of sentence served (conditional release w/ parole supervision
Discretionary Release- parole board decision to release to parole supervision within indeterminate sentencing states
Other Conditional Release- furloughs, home supervision, probation, emergency release, compassionate release, among others
Jail and Prisoner Rights
Jail-holds those awaiting trial, executes sentences of misdemeanants, holding facility for state/federal
3,376 jails in US (primarily county, BOP operates 12), 13,500 police lockups
Who's there
37% convicted, 63% unconnected
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35.5 black, 47.5% white, 15% hispanic, 2% other
26% HS Grad, 14% GED, 10% Some coll., coll grad, 13% 8th grade
common issues: conditions, lack of programing/services, training of staff, suicide, mental illness
Inmate/prisoner rights
hands-off period: prior to 1960s- "slave to state" "civil death": when courts weren't willing to hear civil rights issues of inmates in the courts
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Amendments
1st Amendment cases:
Procunier v. Martinez (1974)- only time to censor mail is compelling reason
Turner v. Safely (1987)- may restrict mail between inmates at different institutions (for security)
Religious Freedom Restoration Act, Religious Land Use, Institutionalized Persons Act
4th Amendment- Search and Seizure (protection of citizens from government)
Hudson v. Palmer (1984)- may search cells and confiscate without suspicion of wrongdoing or justification
Bell v. Wolfish (1979)- body searches permissible to fit institutional need and when not used to degrade
Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders (2012)- may strip search those entering jail under minor offenses
8th Amendment- punishment shocks conscience civilized society, unnecessarily cruel, is beyond legitimate penal aims, totality of conditions, deliberate indifference
14th Amendment- Wolff v. McDonnell (1974)- basic procedural right in disciplinary hearings, sanctions (due process)
Lee v. Washington (1968)- discrimination can't be official policy (equal protection)
Community Corrections
Search:
Griffin v. Wisconsin (1987)- PO has right to go in and search offenders house w/out warrant
Samson v. California (2006)- same with parole
Due Process:
Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)- two hearings (one for if it was okay to find the things and one to determine if rules were broken)
IDK
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