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8 - Language games and paradigms (Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) (Meaning…
8 - Language games and paradigms
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951)
Meaning of words depend on social linguistic context
Truth seems relative because it depends on the language game used
Language is way less universal than we like to assume
Relativism
; the truth of a claim depends on some kind of framework in which the claim has it's proper place
Constructivism
; there are no neutral observations what we mean by reality/ truth is determined by our existing theories and anticipations
Theory-ladenness as a form of relativism
The Sapir-whorf hypotheses as a form of relativism
Language is a way to classify experiences
Language affects the way we see reality
Will also affect science - how can we find the correct interpretation?
Relativism can only tell us that these interpretations are different
Kuhn and relativism with a historical approach
Paradigm shifts
Paradigm; ‘the sum of accepted metaphysical assumptions, theories, methodologies, manuals and techniques’
Crucial to understand the relativity of science
When a paradigm is accepted, it will be teached to new scientists, thus becoming a sort of dogmatic framework
Crisis
; if a paradigm encounter more anomalies and cannot answer new questions, trust in the paradism declines
Gestalt psychology; how one image can have different interpretations
Incommensurability
; two different paradigms cannot be measured against eachother as they have no common language
Critique; Bloor and Barnes; all knowledge is socially determined
Critique; Donald Davidson; anything that is so radically different that it is untranslateable should not be recognized as a pradigm or a language at all