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Australia in WWI :flag-au: :horse: (The Gallipoli campaign :beach_with…
Australia in WWI :flag-au: :horse:
Why Australia fought :red_flag:
Nationalism
Adventure
Britain was the 'mother country'
Reasons men enlisted :check::
They believed the war would be short
Adventure
To avoid disapproval
Higher wages
Loyalty to Britain
Places where Australia fought :globe_with_meridians:
Gallipoli
(see
Gallipoli
branch)
New Guinea
Oceans around Australia
Middle East
Egypt
Palestine
Lebanon
Syria
Western Front
France
Bullecourt
Hamel Spur
Peronne
Hindenberg Line
Belgium
Ypres (in the battle of Passchendaele)
Messines
The Gallipoli campaign :beach_with_umbrella:
Reasons
Stalemate on the Western Front
Force Turkey out of the war
Reopen supply route to Russia
Open a new front from which to attack Austria-Hungary
The landing
25th April 1915
Shores opposite the Dardanelles
Began badly
Failed naval bombardment alerted the Turks
Turks had six weeks to prepare
Put mines in the ground
Dug trenches
Sought higher ground
Got reinforcements
Allies underestimated the Turks
Wrong landing
The first day
Advanced 900 metres from the coast
Lost 2000 casualties
Controlled Anzac Cove
Living conditions
Hot weather
Diseases
Dysentry
Gastroenteritis
Pneumonia
Flies and fleas
Not enough water
Dirty and wet trenches
Lone Pine and the Nek
Distractions so that Allied troops could at Sulva Bay
Lone Pine
August 1915
Went 'over the top' and found that the Turkish trenches were covered with logs
Allied forces succeeded in taking Lone Pine
The Nek
7 August
The attack failed
New Zealand troops were meant to attack at the same time from behind, but they didn't
The artillery shells overshot the targets
The Turks were alerted about the attack from the artillery
Four suicidal charges of attacks
Outcome
British military strategists realised that they had little chance of defeating Turkish troops at Gallipoli.
They began to withdraw troops in early December
By December 19, the evacuation was complete, with only two casualties
Significant events :birthday:
The Somme
July to November 1916
The aim was to attack German lines through intense artillery bombardment and then advance soldiers
Tried to make cut the Germans off from behind
The attack was a failure
The Germans were prepared
British artillery fire failed to destroy barbed wire
Troops were caught in the barbed wire
Troops were hit with machine guns
Fromelles
Planning was rushed
Western Front
Resulted in great loss of life
Passchendaele
Mid-to-late 1917
Belgium
To break through German lines towards the North Sea ports, to get to the German U-boats
In July British continued to shell the German defences
Allied troops tried 10 times to break through to Passchendaele, but they were caught up in the mud
Gallipoli
(see
Gallipoli
branch)
Battle of Hamel
4 July 1918
Captured within 93 minutes
Why it was successful
Plan was fully understood
Under the cover of darkness
Use of every form of weaponry and technology available
The attack conserved the energy of the troops
Meticulous planning
The 100 Days
Defeated the German defence system called the Hindenburg Line
8 August 1918
Prisoners of War :chains:
Pre-war regulations
Humane treatment of POWs
Food, clothing and lodging would match the standard of the nation's own soldiers
POWs would not be forced to do war work
The government would provide information about POWs
Governments would return POWs to their own countries as soon as possible after the war
Also known as 'POWs'
Experiences of POWs
Men volunteering didn't think what would happen if they became a POW
Governments didn't think about where they would store POWs from enemy countries
Prisoners had to live in overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions
Conditions depended on the attitudes of the people in charge
POWs of the Turks
Australian troops
Soldiers at Gallipoli
Light horsemen in Sainti and Palestine
Airmen in Mesopotamia
217 captured
25% died in captivity
Very poor conditions
Insufficient food
Inadequate medical care
Guards forced prisoners to undertake a 1100-kilometre march and then work on construction of a railway
POWs of the Germans
Slightly better conditions compared to the Turks
8% of Australian Troops died
Conditions were also very poor
Impacts on Australia
The Anzac Legend
(see
The Anzac Legend
branch)
Conscription :ballot_box_with_ballot:
The first referendum
Billy Hughes' part was against conscription, so he made a referendum to convince his party that it was the right thing to do, hoping to get a resounding 'yes' vote from the people
Billy Hughes fought hard to convince Australians to vote' yes'
Results
The results were very close, with 1087557 'yes' votes, and 1160033 'no' votes.
Three states voted 'yes' and three states voted 'no'
Billy Hughs lost the campaign
'Are you in favour of the government having in this Great emergency the same compulsory powers over citizens in regard to requiring their military service, for the term of this war, outside the Commonwealth, as it now has in regard to military service within the Commonwealth?'
Billy Hughes was the Australian PM at the time for the Labor Party
Billy Hughes, after spending time in the trenches with soldiers, and dealing with pressure from Britain to send more troops, decided to introduce conscription
The second referendum
As Prime Minister of the Nationalist Party, Hughes decided to try another referendum on conscription
The results were very close again, however the result was still a 'No'
After the first referendum
The Labour Party had no confidence in Hughes as their leader
Hughes and 24 of his supporters left the Labor party and joined the Liberal Party to form the Nationalist Party.
The Nationalist Party won the May 1917 federal election
The nation was divided
Sectarian Conflict
Protestants who were mostly of British descent favoured conscription
Catholics were opposed to conscription because of their Irish ancestry. Britain had previously crushed Ireland
Class Conflict
Wealthy classes and Businessmen supported conscription as many were British
Workers and trade unions opposed conscription. They argued that the war killed ordinary working people.
Political Conflicts
Billy Hughes and some members of the Labor party supported Conscription. The Liberal party also supported conscription.
The majority of the Labor Party opposed conscription
The Arguments
For Conscription
There would be less casualties
There weren't enough volunteers
Reinforcements were needed
Britain needed help
Against Conscription
The government lacked the right to take away people's freedom to control their own lives
They believed that people who were voting 'yes' were unaffected by conscription anyway
'Anti-German' attitudes continued into the 1920s
The Anzac Legend :face_with_cowboy_hat:
Creating the Anzac Legend
Charles Bean
People brought back news that would please the people of Australia about Gallipoli
British war correspondent Ellis Ashmead Barlett
Characteristics of an Anzac soldier
Larrikin
Could survive against all odds
Met death bravely
Showed mateship
A mate
Dislikes authority
The audience they were appealing to
Australians wanted to be recognised by the world
People were concerned about the soldiers' reputations
The Anzac Legend is arguably biased, as many reporters and witnesses didn't have a clear view of the events and were trying to appeal to their audience
How it spread
People wanted to believe that Gallipoli was meaningful
It is still encouraged and revisited every Anzac Day commemoration
The atmosphere created in commemorations makes it seem like there is no other explanation
The truth
Many of the Anzacs were soldiers, just like any other
The Anzacs performed terrible acts at Gallipoli
They misbehaved in Egypt, causing riots, fights and beating locals
Commemorating World War I :wilted_flower:
Anzac Day
Dawn Services
25 April
Anzac Day march
'Two-up' is played
Rosemary
Remembrance Day
11 November
Red poppies
Commemorates the dead from WWI and WWII
Australian War Memorial
Roll of Honour
Relics of war experiences
Visual displays
War Graves
Commonwealth War Graves Commission
Graves and memorials
Visits to Gallipoli
