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Alzheimer's (What is Alzheimer's Disease? (Progression proceeds as…

- - - - due to the structural malformation of the neuronal cytoskeleton ─ w/o structural support, the neuron would shrink and collapse.
      - appear initially in the perirhinal cortex and then in neighbouring regions as the disease progresses.
      - progression parallels cognitive deficits ─ more NFTs in the brain = more cognitively impaired.
        
        can be used to determine the severity of symptoms / stage of Alzheimer's.
      - caused by loose / free Tau proteins
    - - caused by the overproduction of
        β-amyloid
        
        produced via cleavage of precursor amyloid precursor protein (APP) ─ a protein that appears to have a n important role in synaptic plasticity
        
        overproduction leads to the formation of fibrillar plaques on the outside surface of cortical neurons.
        
        toxicity attributed by the site of cleavage ─ cleavage via β-secretase and γ-secretase causes the product to be toxic
        
        thought to be secondary to some of the other processes occuring in the affected brain.
        
        recents focus is on β-amyloid oligomers ─ smaller molecules that could fit in between synapses to produce deleterious effects.
- - - - involves the development of dense synaptic connections which are more resilient to neurodegenerative damage that comes w/ age.
    - - Cognitive reserve measures risk of Alzheimer with "identity density"
- - - - phonemic fluency:
        generate as many words as possible starting w/ a certain letter of the alphabet.
      - semantic fluency:
        generate as many words as possible belonging
        to a certain semantic category or concept.