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exam #2 (middle childhood (cognitive, psychosocial, biosocial), early…

- - - - animism
      - egocentrism
      - lack of conservation
      - irreversibility
      - centration
    - - guided participation
        
        when young children, with the help of mentors, learn to think by having social experiences and by exploring their universe
      - apprentice in thinking
    - - scaffolding
        
        both encourage healthy cognitive development because they focus on not pushing the child past their natural limits set by age, but by teaching them things that will help them grow and challenge their intellectual abilities in a healthy way
    - - not fully developed at preschool age
        
        mountain task
        
        scene where one character moves an object
    - - vocab explosion
        
        fast mapping
        
        the speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning
      - grammar is learned quickly and applied immediately
        
        overregulation
        
        the tendency to overextend grammatical rules where they do not apply
        
        "her said I couldn't do this"
      - components of emergent literacy skills
        
        alphabet knowledge
        
        phonetic awareness
        
        phonological awareness
        
        concepts about print
        
        receptive vocabulary
        
        expressive vocabulary
        
        developmental trends in literacy acquisition
        
        forms
        
        letter names, sounds, configurations of letters and words
        
        conventions
        
        reading from left to right, punctuation serves a purpose, there are spaces between words
        
        functions
        
        child says, reads, and writes words with meaning, purpose and function
        
        stages in development of emergent writing
        
        Use of well learned units or letter strings
        
        Use of invented spelling
        
        Use of letter like forms
        
        Conventional writing
        
        Scribble writing
        
        Drawings as writing
      - hart and risley study
        
        parents impact on child vocab growth?
        
        findings: YES, big correlation btw # of words parents used when speaking to child and the childs vocab and IQ
        
        active reading is !! so good!
  - - - in the phallic stage during preschool, the child must resolve either Oedipus or Electra complex and identify with same gender parent
        
        otherwise, they could have difficulty later in life such as unresolved conflict that could affect romantic relationships
    - - stage 3: initiative vs guilt
  - - - gross motor skills:
        
        will not bend their knees when they jump, but they should!
        
        keep arms high and out to side to balance body when hopping on one foot
        
        hop, gallop, skip, slide
      - fine motor skills:
        
        supinate grasp
        
        pronate grasp
        
        dynamic tripod
        
        stages of drawing
        
        combine
        
        aggregate
        
        scribbling
        
        pictoral
    - - pruning of dendrites
    - - limbic system further develops
        
        temper tantrums subside
        
        more mediation of sleep patterns
        
        less uncontrollable crying/laughing
      - but the prefrontal cortex is NOT fully developed
        
        highest risk for injury is 2-6 years
        
        due to impulsive nature
        
        high curiosity, cases of poisoning, drowning
        
        injury control = idea that accidents are not random, but can be made less harmful with proper control
        
        secondary prevention
        
        actions that avert harm in the immediate, high risk situation
        
        school crossing guards, having adults walk with children, etc
        
        tertiary prevention
        
        actions taken after an adverse event to reduce the harm or prevent disability
        
        laws against hit and run driving, emergency room procedures
        
        primary prevention
        
        alter the overall background conditions to reduce the likelihood of some unwanted event or circumstance like injury or disease
        
        wider roads, better sidewalks, slower speeds