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Principles and theories of learning and performance (Feedback and Plataeus…
Principles and theories of learning and performance
Theories of learning 1
Operant conditioning
"The use of reinforcement to ensure correct responses are repeated
Based on trial and error
Shapes behaviour through reinforcement
Manipulates the environment
Stimulus response bond
The use of operant conditioning is effective when trying to associate stimulus and response
Depending on the type of reinforcement will determine whether this bond will be strengthened or weakened
Linking the correct response with the correct stimulus
Reinforced actions= Strengthened
Incorrect actions weakened
Observational learning Bandura
Model of observation
Attention: Ensuring performer sees relevant cues
Behaviours can be learnt through copying of other people
Motor Production: Can the player physically copy the demonstration
Retention: Ability to remember important information
Motivation: Drive to copy the demonstration (use of positive reinforcement and rewards)
Behaviour most likely to be copied if: Close to social norms, reinforced, consistent and relevant
Theories of learning 2
Insight Learning: Gestaltist theories
Looks at the whole task so is closely linked to the real situation
Can also act as motivation if solution is successful
Performer uses existing knowledge to solve sporting situations
Generates more understanding as it is not trial and erros
Can also generate a specific role for the performer
Social Development Theory: Vygotsky
Skills can be learnt from more knowledgeable other
Inter-psychological learning, learning from others externally
Learning through association with others
Intra-psychological learning: learning using others or an MKO to develop own knowledge
Constructivism: building up learning in stages based on level of performance
Zone of proximal development: next stages of learning based on performers needs and expectations
Feedback and Plataeus
Feedback is information given to aid error correction
Positive feedback: Is encouragement that highlights positive areas of performance (maintain motivation)
Negative feedback: Is constructive criticism to highlight what is wrong with a performance, used to eliminate errors and bad habits
Extrinsic feedback: Comes from an outside source such as a coach
Intrinsic feedback: Comes from within
Knowledge of results: looks at whether the skill was successful or not
Knowledge of performance: looks at the technique of the skill and what can be done to improve it
Plateaus
Drive reduction could occur towards the end of a task where limited improvement occurs due to fatigue
Causes:
Lack of motivation
Boredom
Coaching
Limit of ability
Targets set too low
Fatigue
Period during performance where there is no improvement
Solutions:
Task could be extended (providing challenge)
new coach
Rest to relive fatigue
Increased positive feedback
Stages of learning
Cognitive stage: First stage of learning. Requires lots of thought from the performer to perform the action trying to gain an understanding. movement is typically slow and uncoordinated (motor programmes not developed yet)
Associative stage: the performer becomes more competent the performer has practised the skill. use modelling and intrinsic feedback to determine success with skill
3 Stages to learning gradual improvement as skill is practised
Autonomous stage: Reached after effective practice and practice is continued to maintain this stage. Actions are fluent efficient and automatic ( fine details can be focused upon) motor programme is fully developed
Guidance
Verbal
An explanation of the task
Manual
Physical support whilst performing a task
Visual
Demonstration of task/ skill
Mechanical
Artificial aid used during the skill
See text book for advantages and disadvantages