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MD (Antecedents and Determinants (Contextual factors (De Dreu (X)…

- - - - Barry and Stewart (1997)
        number of extraverts in undergraduate student teams was curvilinearly related to task focus and group performance.
        Too few may lead to undesirably low levels of dissent and innovation. Too many extraverts, however, may lead to situations that resemble a chicken- house more than an effectively functioning team. :recycle:
      - Hofstee, De Raad, & Goldberg, 1992:
        Extraversion is a proxy to
        shyness,
        self-esteem,
        social anxiety,
        self-consciousness
    - - Curseu Minority dissent as teamwork related mental
        DT could in fact be conceptualized as a prerequisite of MD
    - - (Ng & Van Dyne, 2001; Goncalo & Staw, 2006).
        value orientations of individualism/collectivis and MD
        :recycle:
  - - - Graham ( 1986)
        argues that an
        organizational culture that disrespects individual conscience and that fails to foster interpersonal trust
        may reduce the occurrence of dissent.
        :recycle:
      - West and Anderson (1996)
        reflectivity
        in teams is positively related to
        innovativeness.
      - (Argyris, 1982; Schilit & Locke, 1982; Turner & Pratkanis, 1997; West, 1996).
        ...any organizational culture that values the process of continuous learning fosters dissent as a necessary and desirable part of organizational life
      - De Drue
        ...would be comforting to think that people are learning to “welcome” dissent but ... ... message is still difficult for managers who often want to control when and where innovation occurs. And the recurrent themes of chaos, wasted time and reduced morale still remain :recycle:
      - De Drue
        Sometimes the recognition of the value of dissent leads to its *institutionalization
      - (Borman & Motowidlo, 1993; Organ, 1988).
        Being the opposite of compliance, dissent is sometimes denoted as detrimental to organizational functioning and prototypical of bad organizational citizenship behavior .
    - - (Ng & Van Dyne, 2001; Goncalo & Staw, 2006).
        value orientations of individualism/collectivis and MD
        :recycle:
      - (Bond & Smith, 1996)
        Culture and conformity: Willingness to dissent is a variable that may be especially susceptible to cultural influences. In general, conformity and compliance are considered less important and are less intense in countries with individualistic cultures, such as the United States and the Netherlands, than in countries with collectivistic cultures, such as China and Korea
      - (Frese, Kring, Soose, & Zempel, 1996).
        personal initiative at work is lower in Eastern Europe than in the West, probably because of the *former Communist system
  - - - 1 people look to others as a guide to reality and as a guide to the appropriate way to behave
        
        получается что здесь нет разницы между КК и ИК
      - 2 people may conform so they fit in, obtain approval from others, or avoid punishment and social isolation
        
        а здесь разница должна быть потому что в КК культурах выше потребность в социальном одобрении и больше страх оказаться в социальной изоляции.
    - - conformity is a sing of SI? чем сильнее себя идентифицирую с группой тем комформней к ней я должен быть?
      - Разница должна быть значимой, для КК важно быть частью группы, а следовательно важно быть комформным
    - - 4.3.2. Теория социальной идентичности г. Тэджфела и д. Тернера
        https://studfiles.net/preview/6266662/page:34/
        http://www.iskhakov.narod.ru/tedter.html
        более подробно - https://psyera.ru/struktura-socialnoy-identichnosti_9049.htm
        
        смотри статью в папке культура
        Social Identity: Clarifying its Dimensions across Cultures
        
        Если коротко то статья описывает, что в коллективистких культурах будет более сильная СИ особенно по
        Proposition 1: Individuals from collectivistic cultures will have higher scores within both affective dimensions – sense of belonging and positive attitudes – of social identity measures than individuals from individualist cultures.
        Interdependence-Independence
        
        Предположительно (не могу найти материала), но в коллективистских культурах соотношение личной и социальной идентичности будет в пользу последней то есть личность будет в большей степени определяться через социальную идентичность
        http://www.hr-portal.ru/article/predstavleniya-o-sootnoshenii-socialnoy-i-lichnostnoy-identichnosti-v-sovremennoy-zapadnoy
    - - This model suggests that both lower and higher identifiers
        might be motivated to dissent, but for different reasons.
        The normative conflictmodel of dissent (Packer 2008, 2011)
        
        Исходя из этой мысли возникает идея что в КК должны быть МД мотивированные высокой лояльностью? Слабо вериться. Наверно целесообразно понимать, что в ИК группы больше ориентированны на цель, в КК больше на отношения... ситуация с МД это ситуация выбора - отношения или цель, для обеих культур. Хотя остается вопрос про нормативный конфликт.
    - - Эффектом социализации в КК может быть включение определенных коллективистских позиций (норм), в систему моральных ориентиров, таких как например представление о том что вежливо или невежливо
        
        Посмотреть связь моральных убеждений / ценностей (это одно и тоже или нет)?
        
        Изучить предполагаемую связь культуры и моральных убеждений (в контексте диссетна)
        
        Например: Пример с зав каф философии - с точки зрения продуктивности было бы правильно создать расписание быстрее, но это могло бы привести к нарушению отношений между профессорами и администрацией, поэтому зав каф, предлагает подождать пока он согласует новое расписание с профессорами.
        Итог: на первом месте отношения, на втором дело (хотя не факт, если не учитывать отношения то работы так же не будет).
    - - Particularly when publicly expressed, dissent and deviance might be good ways to enhance individuality and
        uniqueness in group contexts (Blanton & Christie 2003)
        
        ... other research has found that people can endorse a minority position (rather than a majority position) as a way of clarifying their self- concept and communicating to otherswho they are (Rios Morrison&Wheeler 2010)
        
        In this sense we agree with Codol (1984, p. 317), who argued that “both conformity and resistance to conformity are fundamentally linked to the image of oneself that one wishes to present to others (and undoubtedly also to oneself).” In
    - - Таким образом вероятность МД находится в зависимости от значимости противоречия. Исходно мы понимаем что за отстаивание своей точки зрения придется платить (стоимость), одновременно мы представляем себе преимущества которые получим если отстоим точку зрения (выигрыш), соответственно чем сильнее выигрыш и чем меньше стоимость противостояния тем выше вероятность dissent
- - - - Nemeth (1986),
        being confronted with minority dissent elicits divergent thinking.
        
        (Nemeth & Kwan, 1987).
        In a problem solving setting, those exposed to a minority utilized multiple strategies for problem solving (and performed better) while those exposed to a majority utilized the majority strategy to the detriment of other strategies
        
        Nemeth: Differential Contribution
        Minority may provide a creative contribution to problem solving whether or not their view is correct
        
        (De Dreu & De Vries, 1997; DeDreu, DeVries, Franssen, & Altink, 2000; Ng & Van Dyne, 2001; Van Swol & Seinfeld, 2006).
        number of studies demonstrate that dissent increases creativity and better performance, at least under certain circumstances : :recycle:
        
        De Dreu
        MD disrupts stability but also stimulates individual creativity, the quality of group decision making, and organizational adaptiveness.
        :recycle:
        
        Nemeth: Minority Influence Theory
        Dissent, as has been repeatedly documented, “opens” the mind. People search for information, consider more options and, on balance, make better decisions and are more creative.
        Dissenters, provide value: They liberate people to say what they believe and they stimulate divergent and creative thought even when they are wrong
        By contrast, majority views stimulate convergent thinking.
        
        Nemeth: Differential Contributions
        it is proposed that exposure to persistent minority views fosters greater thought about the issue. Furthermore, this thought tends to be divergent rather than convergent, and as a result, people tend to be better decision makers because they attend to more aspects of the situation and reexamine premises
        By contrast,
        it is proposed that exposure to persistent majority views fosters convergent thinking and leads to an unreflective acceptance of the majority position
      - Guinote, 2008
        those in power focus on a single target while those who are relatively powerless consider multiple sources of information (cognitive style, cognitive activity associated with majority/minority status)
        
        (Nemeth & Rogers, 1996).
        We had evidence that minorities stimulated a search for information on all sides of the issue
        while majorities stimulated a search for information that corroborated the majority view
        
        Nemeth, 1976; Nemeth & Wachtler, 1983)
        subjects exposed to a disagreeing minority detected solutions that otherwise would have gone undetected... ...use more information, consider more options and, in our subjective judgment, had higher quality deliberations.
        
        Gruenfeld (1995)
        Court’s decisions were more integratively complex when there was dissent. In other words, there were more distinctions and integration of varying considerations when there was dissent
        
        Nemeth: Differential Contributions
        Those exposed to minority views are stimulated to attend to more aspects of the situation, they think in more different ways, they are more likely to detect novel solutions or come new decision.
        Persons exposed to opposing majority views, by contrast, focus on the aspect of stimuli pertinent to the position of the majority… …they think in convergent ways, they tend to adoption of the proposed solution…
        
        Nemeth: Differential Contributions
        As such, distinctions are made between relatively deep and superficial information processing and between relatively more complex and more biased search of the information
        
        (De Dreu & De Vries, 1997; Nemeth & Staw, 1989).
        MD disrupts stability and consumes time,
        but
        also produces better scanning of the environment, greater flexibility, and higher responsiveness to external change :recycle:
    - - In addition to greater attention , it is assumed that exposure to persistent opposing views will also be a catalyst to greater cognitive effort. People will think more. …those exposed to the opposing minority position will exert more effort at the both the attentional and cognitive levels
    - - could be positive for results but not so good for relationship...
  - - - negative consequences for both the relationship and the result
  - - - (Philips, 2003)
        researchers demonstrate that there is more discomfort and anger when the holder of a minority view is a member of one’s ingroup rather than a member of an outgroup.
        
        (Crano, 2000; David & Turner, 1996; Volpato, Maas, Mucchi-Faina & Vitti, 1990)
        discomfort may be one of the reasons why many studies show influence is greater from an ingroup member . Discomfort may be a catalyst for further assessment of the message
        
        Идея: Дискомфорт как катализатор и посредник для более качественного результата (вызывает обсуждение), однако остается вопрос - теоретически в коллективистких культурах это должно вызвать больший дискомфорт и более качественное решение?
      - Nemeth: Minority Influence Theory
        They accept the principle on the surface; it sounds nice, democratic and tolerant. But in fact, people get quickly irritated by a dissenting view that persists and they fear the lowered morale, the lack of “harmony” and a loss of control by “welcoming” dissent. :recycle:
    - - Nemeth: Minority Influence Theory
        They accept the principle on the surface; it sounds nice, democratic and tolerant. But in fact, people get quickly irritated by a dissenting view that persists and they fear the lowered morale, the lack of “harmony” and a loss of control by “welcoming” dissent. :recycle:
      - Nemeth: Minority Influence Theory
        Many observers, practitioners and researchers have struggled with the implications of dissent, primarily because they fear the frustration, lowered morale and “slowing down” of the process.
      - Edmondson & Munchus, 2007; Morrison & Milliken, 2000).
        ...difficult to persuade people to speak up and to manage an “unwanted truth” The problems remain: people fear that speaking up will not serve any purpose save their own branding as a “nuisance”. No one finds it easy to “welcome” disagreement
      - Asch 1956
        Individuals are motivated to accept the majority position and to not accept the minority position.They fear the the disapproval that the results from maintaining minority views.
        :recycle:
    - - Nemeth 1976, Nemeth & Wachtler 1983
        subjects exposed to a differing majority views reported significantly more stress than those exposed to the differing minority view
      - Asch 1956
        Subject report being mach more stress in former situation then in the latter one (majority opposing vs. minority opposing views)
  - - - Moscovici 1980
        Majorities induce “comparison process”…
        …Minorities induce “validation process”.
        
        Nemeth: Differential Contributions
        evidence exists that majorities exert more public influence and that minority influence, when it occurs, tends to operate primarily at the latent level
        
        Moscovici’s conversion theory (1980)
        ... cognitive reasons for majority influence at the public level and minority influence at the private level.
        ...it was a conversion process where people actively processed the minority’s arguments and position.
    - - Maas & Clark 1984
        When individuals accept minority views, they tend to do so at the private or latent level
      - Nemeth: Differential Contributions
        When the influence source is a minority … … (it) lead to an initial dismissal of the minority viewpoint.
      - Asch 1956
        When influencing agent is a majority individuals start with assumption that the majority is correct
        and
        Maas & Clark 1984, Nemeth & Wachtler 1983
        vise versa
      - Nemeth & Wacher, 1983
        ...majorities start with positive judgment and expectation (eg they are correct). Minorities are viewed negatively, sometimes with downright derision). As a result, ...movement to the majority position on early trials of judgments or in early minutes of discussion
        
        Nemeth, Swedlund, & Kanaki 1974
        Movement to the minority position occurs on later trials or later in discussion.
        
        Nemeth: Differential Contributions
        The assumption is that majority judgments are seriously considered from beginning. Minority viewpoints need time because it is the consistency and confidence with which the minority positions are argued that leads one to seriously consider the position
    - - (De Dreu & De Vries, 1997; DeDreu, DeVries, Franssen, & Altink, 2000; Ng & Van Dyne, 2001; Van Swol & Seinfeld, 2006).
        number of studies demonstrate that dissent increases creativity and better performance, at least under certain circumstances : :recycle: