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Unit 8: Revolutionary Music (Ch. 33 (Symphony 5- out of conflict comes…
Unit 8: Revolutionary Music
Ch. 33
The Symphonic Revolution and Beethoven
wrote 9 symphonies
3 periods: early, middle, late
early- until 1802( symphony 1 & 2)
middle- 1803-1814 (symphony 3-8)
sym. 3- "Eroica" begins revolution of changing symphonic sound
originally dedicated to Napolean
personal narrative of individual heroism
Beethoven & politics
many composers responded to political climate
Beethoven supporter of democracy
Napolean at first
GB democratic parliament system
"Ode to Joy" finale widely used for political aims
Intense, collective endeavor toward a common purpose
Symphony 1- before Revolution
style of Mozart and Haydn
Symphony No. I in C Major, Op. 21 (1801)
Symphony 3- Uprisings Begin
"Eroica" (heroic) 1803-4 movement 3 focus
uprising begins
form- scherzo with a trio- 1st time trio appears in a symphony
length- twice as long as Mozart and Haydn and scrutinized for in reviews
context- napoleon
harmony & emotion- 2nd movement is a funeral march
Symphony 5- out of conflict comes victory
four movements but a unified piece
conflict in movement 1 to victory in movement 4
movement 1
motive: short short short long
dominates whole piece
fate knocking
movement 2
serene theme and variations
still uses motive
movement 3
scherzo with no stop
movement 4
much energy and passion
cyclical motive
Ch. 55
Social Advocacy and Musical Innovation
artists shed light on social problems
1900s
replacement of tonality- 12 tone method
2nd viennese school
Schoenberg teacher
Alban Berg and Anton Webern students
1st Viennese school- Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven
12 tone method
Schoenberg developed a system to replace tonality
Serialism: method of composing with 12 chromatic pitches (all important)
Tone row: arrangement of the 12 pitches
Alternate forms of tone row
transposition: same order of intervals; starts different pitch
Inversion: notes move in opposite direction
Retrograde: reverse order or backwards
Retrograde inversion: upside down and backwards
Alban Berg (1885-1935)
born in Vienna, studied with Schoenberg
rose to fame with Wozzeck
1922
opera in 3 acts; 5 scenes; orchestral interludes
active teacher and promoter of Schoenberg school
known for- violin concerto, Lulu, Lyric Suite
Ch. 61
NeoClassicism
composers turned away from the symphonic poem and the romantic attempt to bring music closer to poetry and painting
preferred absolute to program music
attention on craftsmanship and balance
revived older forms
toccata
fugue
concerto grosso
fuge
Modernist nationalism
Ch. 69
John Adams
educated at Harvard
San Fran conservatory for music
first gained notice with 2 hypnotic minimalist works
Phrygian Gates
Shaker Loops
expressive harmonies of neo romanticism
Doctor Atomic
focuses on the days and hours before the first atomic test
draws together science and art
multilayered eclectic score
raises complex moral and political questions
LG
23
short short short long rhythm
E flat major 2nd theme
descending melodic line
dramatic and suspenseful
horn call
46
low mans voice and orchestra
speechlike, disjunct tone
movement smooth and connected small steps
changing paces
unstable combo of tones
54
Bartok- Concerto for Orchestra
commissioned for the summer of 1943
orchestral concerto
movement IV
rondo like form
opening tune evokes Hungarian folk song in pentatonic (A)
Broad string theme (B)
mood disrupted by clarinet melody borrowed from Shostakovich (C)
Two opening themes return (B' A')
irregular meters
soloists
65
Doctor Atomic- Adams
2005
Opera
Libretto
Peter Sellars
based on memoirs, government documents, poetry
Ch.11
lots of syncopation and accents
very dissonant
mysterious electronic sounds
short/choppy repetition of ideas
Ch. 42
The Rise of Nationalism
music nationalism
music builds community cohesion
since the 19th century, sense of community tied to the concept of nationality
political conditions in 19th century Europe encouraged growth of nationalism
composers expressed nationalism in a variety of ways
basing music on songs and dances of their people
dramatic works based on folklore or peasant life
works celebrating national heroes, historic events, scenic beauty
political expression sometimes banned