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Hitler as strong or weak dictator? (Propaganda and censorship (Reich Radio…
Hitler as strong or weak dictator?
Nazi Party
Reorganised after 1925
Introduction of gau and gauleiter to secure control of Germany
Night of the Long Knives, June 1934, following Rohm's demand that army should merge with Army - SA murdered
Gleichschaltung
Army
Following Night of Long Knives and death of Hindenburg (1 Aug), army supports merging role of President and chancellor
Oath of loyalty sworn to Fuhrer and 'supreme' commander of the armed forces'
Avoids Nazi control, although Hitler did remove some top officers in 1938
The SS and Gestapo
Power to arrest, torture and execute all 'enemies of the state'
SS operated concentration camps - first at Dachau for communists
Landowers
Did not antagonise, created groups working in parallel
Big business
Did not antagonise, created groups working in parallel
Propaganda and censorship
Reich Radio Company - 25% of German households have radio in 1933, 70% have Volksempfanger or 'people's receivers' by1939.
All newspapers owned by SDP and KPD banned. Through their publishing house, Eher Verlag, the Nazis owned 60%of all papers, including anti-Semitic Der Sturmer, under Streicher
Nuremberg rallies
Cinema, e.g. Triumph of the Will and Olympia by Leni Riefenstahl
Legal Revolution
Election of March 1933 called
Reichstag Fire 27 September - allowed for Decree of Protection of People and State - banned KPD.
Enabling Act, March 1933 - secured support through promise to respect Catholic Church - gained Centre Part support and 2/3 majority
14 July - Law Against the Formation of New Parties
People as 'willing executioners'? (Goldhagen)
Germans knew about the Holocaust
Ordinary members of Wehrmacht took part in the execution of Jews, not just SS
Reserve Police Battalion 101
Civil Service
Remains essentially staffed by conservatives and nationalists but Nazi Party membership compulsory after 1939.