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名词短语 (名词 (单数/复数
(构成形式) (不规则的复数 (:three:::. 以-is 希腊语词, 变-is 为 -es
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名词短语
名词
单数/复数
(构成形式)
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only复数pl
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复数专有名词
The Great Lakes are,,,
有规则的复数
:two:.--s,-x,-ch,-sh +es 若-ch发/K/ 则+S,(stomach/stomachs)
①sh,ch,s后加es,是因为s(可将[s] [z] [ʃ] [tʃ] [dʒ] [ʒ])视为咝音)对上s不好发音,只好加上个e,发成es,在两个s之间有个缓冲,属于自然规律,不是人为写成这样的。
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:three: “辅音字母+y", 变-y 为 -i, 再加-es, 而”元音+y",则加“-s";
country countries
play plays
:four:,以 “-O"结尾
:four::two:: 一般“辅音字母+ -o ” 结尾的外来词或缩略词 加"-s" 的
dymamo/dynamos(发电机)
kimono/kimonos(和服)
piano/pianos
soprano/sopranos(女高音歌手)
tobacco/tobaccos(烟叶)
kilo/kilos(千克)
memo/memos(备忘录)
photo/photos(照片)
solo/solos(独奏曲)
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:four::three: 少数名词后可加-s 或 -es
memento/memento(e)s (纪念品)
volcano/volcano(e)s ( :volcano:)
motto / motto(e)s (座右铭)
manifesto / manifesto(e)s (宣言)
:five: 以“-f" 或"-fe" 结尾的
变f, fe 为 v, 再+es
calf / calves ; half / halves; knife/ knives; life / lives;
loaf / loaves; self selves; sheaf / sheaves; shelf / shelves;
thief / thieves; wife / wives; wolf / wolves;
一般加+s
belief / beliefs; chief / chiefs; cliff / cliffs; proof/ proofs;
reef / reefs; roof / roofs; safe / safes
少数 加-s 或 变-f, fe 为 v +es 均可
dwarf/ dwarfs/dwarves; hoof/hoofs/hooves;
wharf/wharfs/wharves; scarf/ scarfs/scarves
不规则的复数
:three:::. 以-is 希腊语词, 变-is 为 -es
analysis / analyses; basis / bases (基础)
crisis / crices (危机); diagnosis / diagoses (诊断)
thesis / theses (论文)
:four_leaf_clover:.以 -on, 或 -om 结尾, 变-on 或 -um 为 -a, 有的在词尾加-s
bacterium / bacteria (细菌); criterion / criteria / criterions (标准);
datum / data (数据); erratum / errata (错误);
medium / media / mediums (介质);
memorandum / memoranda / memorandums (备忘录);
phenomenon / phenomena (现象);
:two_hearts::. 以-ex 或 -ix 结尾的拉丁语词, 直接加-es
或,变-ex 和 -ix 为 -ices
apex / apexes / apices (顶点)
appendix / appendixes / appendices (附录)
index/ indexes/ indices (索引)
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:one::. 以 -a 结尾的拉丁语, 词尾变 -ae 或 -as
alga / algae (海藻); alumna / alumnae (女校友)
antenna / antennae / antennas (天线)
formula / formulae / formulas (公式)
larva / larvae / larvas (幼虫)
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:seven:. 以 -us 结尾 拉丁语 , 变-us 为 ”i“ 有的可加 -es
alumnus / alumni (男校友);
bacillus / bacilli (杆菌);
cactus/ cacti / cactuses (仙人掌);
genius / genii / geniuses (天才);
fungus/ fungi/ funguses (真菌);
mucleus / nuclei / nucleuses (原子核);
stimulus / stimuli 刺激文;
复合名词-->复数
- 以 -man , -woman, -child 结尾, 将其变为 复数
fireman / firemen
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- “man/ woman + 名词, 俩个词都变
man teacher / men teaches
- 由短语动词 演变成的 复合名词,没有主体, 在词尾加 -s
take-off / take-offs (起飞)
breakdown / breakdowns (崩溃)
babysitter / babysitters (保姆)
- ”名词 + 形容词“ 构成的复合名词, 变名词为复数
notary public/ notaries public (公正员)
secretary general / secretaries general (秘书长)
单复数 同形
动物
sheep ; deer ;
bison / quail / grouse / salmon / cod / antelope / reindeer / fish / flounder / herring / shrimp
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专有名词
(不可数)
月份,星期,四季
January,Sunday,winter
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普通名词
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常用不可数名词
总称
clothing, food, furniture, housewoird;
抽🐘
Advice,crime,Love,truth
太小不易分
rice, sand, snow, hair
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名词的格
‘s 所有格
(生命)
范围:
1.姓名(name): Jone's car
2.人称(personal nouns): my brother‘s car
3.不定代词(indefinite pronouns):nobody’s fault
4.集体名词 (collective nouns): the party's decision
5.高等的动物 (animals): the horse's mouth
构成:
1.单数名词 +s : my sister‘s boyfriend
2.复数名词 +s : i) the Children‘s Day
............................ii)her friends’ money 以 -s -es 结尾的,只 +“ ‘ ”
3.复合词:最后的词+s : my father-in-law‘s company
4.并列名词的:i) John and his wife’s bank savings 共有存款
........................ii) john‘s and his wife's bank savings 各自的存款
逻辑关系
1.所属关系: 某一人 / 一类人
......................my sister's boyfriend, women's wear (女装)
- 主谓关系:How will Bhutto's death affect the world? = Bhutto(主) died(谓语)
......................被修饰的名词由动词转化而来 death (die 动)
......................the teacher's request(名) = the teacher request(动)老师的请求
- 动宾关系: Bhutto's assassination rocks Pakistan. = assassinate Bhutto (及物动 +宾语)刺杀Bhutto, 布托的刺杀事件震惊Pakistan。
.....................the boy's punishment = (somebody) punished the boy 这个男孩收到的惩罚
- 同位关系: For Washington, Bhutto's loss is incalculable. = the loss of Bhutto 失去了Bhutto 的这一损失;
还可以用于 非生命的名词,一般都不是表示所属关系
- 表示时间或距离;today‘s newspaper, a month's salary (一月的薪水),
- 表示重量 或者价值 等度量: a ton's weight; ten dollars's worth of meet 10块钱的肉
- 表示国家,城市, 国际组织或地理名词等:china's population, the earth's surface
- 用于交通工具及其部件 ,the car's exhaust; the ship's boiler
名词省略
- 避免名词重复:This bike is mine, not Michael's (=Michael's bike)
- 表示教堂或店铺: at the baker's (= baker's shop); the St. Paul's (= St. Paul's Cathedral)圣保罗大教堂
- 表示某人的住宅: go to my sister's = ( my sister's home)
of 属格的构成
(无生命)
构成
- 表示无生命物体的名词 the roof of the church; the title of the book
- 当有生命的名词后接短语 或 从句修饰时, 也用 of 属格; (‘s 和 of 互补)
... What is the name of the boy sitting next to her :check:? 比较 What is the boy's name?, What is the boy sitting next to her's name( :red_cross:)?
....The mother of the boy in a red suit is president of our company. ( :check: The boy in a red suit's mother is president of our company.( :red_cross:)
逻辑关系
1. 所有关系 “...的”
2.主谓关系: 从右往左翻 N1 of N2, N1(不及物动词转化的名词), N2 是 N1行为的执行者。
the arrival of my mother = my mother arrrived 我妈妈到了。
the rise of the U.S. Superpower 超级大国美国的兴起。
the growth of agriculture 农业的兴起
3. 动宾关系: 从左往右翻译, N1 of N2, N1("及物动词” 转化的名词), N2是N1 的承受者, 而不是执行者。
...America's invasion of Iraq = America invaded Iraq (美国入侵伊拉克);
...William's conquest of England = William conquered england (威廉王征服英国)
...a statement of the facts = someone stated the facts (陈述事实)
....the discussion of the plan 讨论这个计划
Note: 动词即是不及物也是及物 : 1st)根据上下文, 2nd) 动宾关系; (除非有相反的证明) --翻译顺序
...........the shooting of the rebels = Someone shoots the rebels (动宾), 或 The rebels were shooting (主谓)
4. 同位关系 , N1 + of + N2 , 这里N2表示N1的具体内容(同位);
...the city of Rome = Rome is a city 区别: the people of Rome
...the news of the team's victory = The news was the team's victory (该队胜利的消息)
...the news of the team's having won = The news was that the team had won. (该队获胜的消息)
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