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Step-based approach to Process DESIGN - B207, block 1, reading 15 (Step 4,…

- - - - Operations performance objectives
        
        Quality
        
        Cost
        
        Speed
    - - Process
        
        Variety
        
        Volume
    - - 4 V's
        
        Variety
        
        e.g. Package holiday/cruise
        
        Set depart/arrival times
        
        No customisation
        
        e.g. Bespoke holiday
        
        More expensive
        
        Highly customisable
        
        More knowledgeable staff
        
        Less automated
        
        Variation (in demand)
        
        Many operations 'fixed'
        
        Same quantity
        
        Fixed rate of output
        
        Number of staff
        
        Performing same tasks
        
        Stable process
        
        Seasonal variation
        
        e.g. Fireworks
        
        Build stock
        
        Buffering
        
        Increase capacity temporarily
        
        More complex
        
        Visibility
        
        Manufacturing
        
        Large degree of seperation
        
        Allows operation to plan and sequence acivities
        
        Can include a time lag order-delivery
        
        Service
        
        Can't happen without the customer present
        
        Customers = variability
        
        High visibility = fully involved
        
        Medium visibility = Observe
        
        Volume
        
        e.g. Fast-food
        
        almost identical meals
        
        Large volumes
        
        Highly automated
        
        Repeatability
        
        e.g. Boutique restaurant
        
        Lower volume
        
        Highly customisable
        
        Less sytematisation
      - Four V's profile
- - - - High volume
      - Low variety
      - Dedicated
        
        Plant
        
        Equipment
        
        Automation high
      - Priorities
        
        Maintenance of high capital items
        
        Quality control
    - - 24/7
      - e.g. Oil refinery
      - Steady rate
      - Variety rare
      - Challenges
        
        Raw material supply
        
        Output leaving
    - - Highest proportion of manufacturing
      - e.g. Clothing factory
        
        Batch of design A
        
        Batch of design B
      - Medium level
        
        Variety
        
        Volume
      - Scheduling complex
      - Queued stock
        
        Increased working capital required
        
        Work in progress high
    - - e.g. Lawyers, architects, auditors
      - Low volume
      - High customisation
      - Time spent with client high
    - - Low volume output
      - Exact customer needs
      - General purpose equip
      - Skilled people switch between outputs
      - Workshop
      - e.g. Taylor made, Thatcham
      - Manager - problem solving skills
    - - Choice restricted by stock
        
        Basket customised by individual shopper
      - Higher volume
      - Less variety
      - Customer given flexibilty
      - e.g. Cinema
        
        Choice of films
        
        ...but set times
    - - On-off, unique
      - e.g. shipbuilding, film, book
      - Complex
      - Long timescales
      - Multi-disciplinary
      - PM, high autonomy
    - - High volumes
      - Little variation
      - e.g. Airport security, bank call centre
    - - Volume
      - Variety
- - - - e.g. Hospital
        
        Functions grouped together
        
        Advantages
        
        Less travel time between
        
        Backup resources co-located
        
        Customer processing times reduced
        
        Disadvantages can be..
        
        Lengthy processes
        
        Complex
        
        Slow
        
        Process variability
    - - a.k.a Flow line
      - e.g. Self-service cafeteria
      - Advantages
        
        Clear flow
        
        Efficiency
        
        Good visibility for customer
      - Disadvantages
        
        Restricted flexibility
        
        Difficult to increase capacity
    - - e.g. construction
        
        Move materials to site and construct
        
        Challenges
        
        Less control of environment
        
        Temperature, weather
        
        Logistics
    - - Cell-based layout
        
        Combine
        
        Functional
        
        Product
        
        Services
        
        Shop - within - a shop
    - - P.152
- - - - Serviced operations
        
        Customer participation
        
        Encourage more spending
        
        Distanced travelled (Greater)
        
        Wide aisles - browsing
    - - Public services
      - Manufacturing
      - Costs minimised
        
        Even resource flow
        
        Minimise distance
        
        Location (Min)
        
        Transport (Min)