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Chapter 3 - Prenatal Development - need to remember that 90% of…

- - - - three layers of the embryonic disk will form organs and structures
        
        MESODERM: muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, other internal organs
        
        ENDODERM: digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, gland
        
        ECTODERM: nervous system, skin
- - - - HEREDITY - genetic makeup influences ability to withstand harmful environment
      - AGE - effect varies with time of exposure
      - DOSES - larger doses over longer time increases negative effects
      - OTHER NEGATIVE INFLUENCES - more than 1 can worsen impact of a single harmful agent
    - - Accutane - acne medication causes physical abnormalities in the fetus
      - Caffeine - heavy caffeine use is associated with LBW and increased risk of miscarriage
      - Use of stimulants (cocaine, heroin, meth) - prematurity, LBW, physical defects, babies can be born addicted to drugs
      - Tobacco - associated with LBW, prematurity, impaired heart rate, low mental test scores, miscarriage, impulsivity. Nicotine causes vasoconstriction - less blood flow to the uterus and abnormal placental growth, leads to decreases nutrient transfer so fetus gains weight poorly.
      - Alcohol use - interferes with neuron production and migration, decreased brain size, damages brain structures, abnormalities in brain functioning; body needs lots of oxygen to metabolize alcohol, drawing away oxygen fetus needs for growth
        
        PARTIAL FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME - characterized by two of the three facial abnormalities and brain injury
        
        ALCOHOL RELATED NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER - at least areas three areas of mental functioning are impaired, despite typical physical growth and absence of facial abnormalities
        
        FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME - distinguished by slow physical growth, a pattern of three facial abnormalities and brain injury
        
        Impairments associated with FAS: Poor motor coordination, slow processing, reasoning, decreased intelligence and academic test scores. During adolescence, persistent attention/coordination concerns, poor school performance, trouble with the law, inappropriate sexual behavior, alcohol and drug abuse, lasting mental health problems
      - Mercury - associated with mental retardation, abnormal speech and uncoordinated movements,
      - PCBs - associated with LBW, smaller heads, persisting attention and memory difficulties, and lower intelligence test scores
      - Lead - related to LBW, prematurity, brain damage and physical defects
      - Rubella virus: embryonic exposure associated with deafness, eye deformities, mental retardation, heart, genital, urinary, intestinal, bone and dental defects. Fetal exposure - LBW, hearing loss, bone defects
- - - - High blood pressure
      - Stroke
      - Cardiovascular disease
      - Diabetes
- - - - Excess glucose causes fetus to grow overlarge, produces very high levels of insulin (increased oxygen demand and RBC production), taking all iron stores from organs (particularly from the hippocampus)
        
        Iron stores in hippocampus are depleted, altering connections and structure of hippocampus, which is involved in the formation of new memories.