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Motor System (Primary Motor Cortex M1 (Afferent Projections from (Inputs…

- - - - Largest cells in the area
      - Betz cells layer 5
        
        Major CST projections
  - - - Simple muscle contraction combinations
    - - Help combine into complex actions
        
        Planning and learning complex movements
        
        Blood supply is increased
        
        Movement is mentally rehearsed
        
        Contains complete map of body musculature
        
        Stimulation of SMA can induce movements
        
        Through groups of muscles
        
        BILATERALLY
      - Both coordinate to perform complex movements
        
        ipsilateral
        
        Association
        
        Contralateral
        
        Movement control
    - - Cingulate motor area
      - Supplementary motor
    - - Dorsal and ventral somatosensory areas
      - Parietal lobe #
        
        Association from other central areas
        
        Sensory areas of parietal cortex
      - Project to both M1 and spinal cord #
        
        afferents from primary sensory cortex
      - Somatotopic representation of complete body musculature
      - Premotor cortex is involves in the control of Proximal limb
        
        Position arm for movement task
    - - Receives input from basal nuclei and cerebellum
        
        Adjustment of movement
        
        adjustment and ensurement appropriate movement
  - - - somatosensory
      - Vestibular system
    - - Visual info
      - Location of objects in space
    - - Receives all the information
      - associate with stimulus
      - Presents to Motor cortex (M1)
  - - - Working memory
      - Active to retrieve information to perform tasks
- - - - Tactile
      - Visual
      - Proprioceptove
    - - Cerebellum
      - Basal nuclei
  - - - Cerebral peduncle of midbrain
        
        Pontine nuclei
        
        Decussationat the medulla
        
        Lateral corticospinal tract 90% pass over
        
        Lesions after decussation
        
        Ipsilateral motor loss
        
        2 more items...
        
        Contralteral pain and temperature sensation loss
        
        Anterior Corticospinal tract
        
        Paths cross over to the same skeletal muscle in the end
        
        Damage to LMN
        
        Flaccid hypotonicity, Hyporeflexia, Fasciculations( muscular dystrophy)
        
        No neural control
        
        Damage to UMN
        
        Both LCST, ACST
        
        CBT
        
        Cortex to brain stem ONLY
        
        Spastic hypertonicity, Hyperreflexia, Babinski sign, Clonic movements
  - - - Paralysis
      - Paresis
- - - - Release phenomena
        
        Abnormal
        
        Sterotyped responses
    - - Loss of capacity
  - - - Loss of innervation
        
        Muscle not kept active
    - - part of muscle is firing
- - - - spatial and temporal pattern vary
  - - - Improved with practice
    - - Compared with reference
        
        Basal nuclei and cerebellum
      - error correction
        
        Movement and posture
        
        Unexpected disturbances to movement and posture
      - Limits speed
      - Leads to sway or ocillation
      - Prominent in early stages of motor learning
        
        Following signals to Feed-forward centers
      - Limiting factors
        
        Speed of moovements
        
        Control of sequential acts
        
        Ocillation
      - Speed of movements
    - - Predictive response
        
        Based on prior motor learning
        
        Depends on a motor plan stored within the CNS
        
        Construction of the next occurance for movement
        
        Cerebellum
        
        Essential for complex movement involving several muscles / joints
      - Reduced ocillation
      - Less dependence on feedback
      - Allows rapid movements
      - Damage to cortex, Basal nuclei, Cerebellum
        
        Increased evidence of FB control
      - Acts in advance of perturbatiuons
        
        Open loop
        
        feedback sensory signals do nto affect timing
        
        Widely used to control posture and movement
        
        Based on experience
      - 3 key principles
        
        Rapid action
        
        Depends on nervous system to predict consequence of sensory events
        
        can modify the operation of feedback mechanisms in spinal cord
- - - - Runs with Pain and temperature
      - Able to dampen pain in times of need
  - - - Symptoms vary based on CN affected
      - Control of face
        
        Upper face
        
        Bilateral
        
        Bell palsy
        
        Lower face
        
        Contralateral
        
        No UMN
        
        Loss of lower face imply LMN damage
        
        Central Seven
    - - unilateral damage
        
        less severe than effects of CST
- - - - Affects for Axial muscles
    - - Ventral horn
      - Intermediate grey