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Anti viral (vaccine (suspension of weakened, live, or killed microrg…
Anti viral
vaccine
suspension of weakened, live, or killed microrg administered to prevent, improve, or treat an infx dz
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Live
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Advantages : fewer doses needed; last longer; in-expensive; adjuvants not needed
Disadvantages : residual virulence that requires careful handling
Recombinant
a gene or part of a microorganism is removed from one organism (usually the pathogen) and inserted into another microorganism
Advantages : fewer side effects; effective immunity; varied routes of administration
Disadvantage : increased cost
Toxoids
“vaccine” used against a toxin that has been deactivated by heat or chemicals, but is still able to stimulate antibody production
Advantage : provides protection against toxin
Disadvantages : shorter duration of effectiveness; may contain adjuvant
Antitoxins
substances that contain antibodies obtained from an animal that has been hyper-sensitized to neutralize toxins
Advantage : quick protection against a toxin
Disadvantages : short-lived protection; may contain preservatives that can cause reactions
Antiserum
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Advantage : provides quick protection against a microorganism Disadvantages: shorter duration of effectiveness; may contain adjuvant
Autogenous
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Advantage : provides protection against the specific organism in a specific area
Disadvantage : may contain endotoxin and other by-products found in the culture
Inactivated (killed)
Advantages : safe; stable; unlikely to cause disease Disadvantages : need repeated doses; possible reactions
made from microbes, microbe parts, or microbe by-products that have been chemically treated or heated to kill the microbe
Contain adjuvant (substances that enhance the immune response by increasing the stability of the vaccine in the body); may cause vaccine reactions
polyvalent
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- Contain a mixture of different antigens and are
- more convenient to administer because fewer injections are needed
- Adverse reaction increases as the number of antigens increases
- To be approved, must show that each part of the polyvalent vaccine induces the same level of immunity as does the single antigen vaccine
Monovalent
- vaccines with only a single antigen present
- Using several monovalent vaccines may expose the animal to higher levels of adjuvants
- Must give more injections
VACCINES REACTIONS
Location reactions at the injection site
Fever
Lethargy
Vomiting
Salivation
Difficulty breathing
Vaccine-associated sarcomas in cats
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in dogs
Issues
Vaccine issues
Proper care and handling
Proper route of administration
Proper use
(do not mix vaccine products)
Proper dose
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Ribavirin (Virazole®)
synthetic nucleoside; altering virus nucleotide pools or interfering with the synthesis of viral mRNA;
inhibits DNA and RNA viruses such as flu virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, herpes virus, poxvirus and rotavirus
- in aerosol form it has been used in influenza and infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus. It is
- effective against bird flu, fowl infectious bronchitis, avian laryngotracheitis and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine
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Amantadine (Symmetrel®)
- affects the membrane protein, changes the electric charge on the surface of host cellular membrane and inhibits virus penetrating into the host cells
- inhibits the process of virus un-coating and the delivery of nucleic acid;
- clinically used in prevention and cure of "bird flu" and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine
Interferon (Roferon-A®)
protects host cells from a number of different viruses
used to treat ocular feline herpes virus infection and FeLV
- prevent viral penetration of the
host cell or by inhibiting the virus’ production of RNA or DNA
- different degree of toxicity to the parasitized cells occur while they inhibit the viral multiplication
- rarely used in clinic, vaccines are usually used for prevention