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Gender Issues (Family/Household (Sexual division of labour (Construction…

- - - - Various parts of society function together to maintain social order
      - Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, Robert Merton and Jeffrey Alexander
      - Functionalism VS feminism: stable/orderly system, interrelated parts, men/women biologically different with complementary roles, products of nature/unchangeable VS gender socially-constructed, within particular economic/social context, social learning, central organizing factor, gender inequality different for different women
    - - Unequal distribution of scarce resources in capitalist society based on class division and highlights who benefits/is disadvantaged
      - Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
    - - Individual/Small-group interaction constructs social meaning in everyday settings to reproduce/change social patterns of behaviour
      - George H. Mead, Erving Goffman, Herbert Blumer, Howard S. Becker and Anselm Strauss
    - - Agency with structuralism regulates social life to constraints behaviour, leading to social inequality/conflict
      - Max Weber, George Ritzer, Magali Larson, Anne Witz and Bryan Turner
    - - Conglomeration of various theories to reconcile concepts of structure/agency
      - Norbert Elias, Ulrich Beck, Pierre Bourdieu, Jurgen Habermas and Anthony Giddens
    - - Subjectivity/Diversity/Fragmentation and critiques theories on universal truths/structuralist assumptions
      - Michel Foucault, David Armstrong, Nicholas Fox, Rosemary Pringle, Elizabeth Grosz and Deborah Lupton
  - - - Emancipation (freedom from unnecessary social/political/legal restriction), just society where distribution of power/reward according to ability/effort rather than gender identity
      - Gender equality resulted from patriarchal/sexist patterning of division of labour, through key institutions (law/work/family/education/media)
      - Men/Women equal in capacity for rational thought/action
    - - Women’s subordinate position in capitalist society, unequal distribution of resources/relationship, reinforcing the superior position of those who own the means of production over those who sell labour
      - Women subject to exploitation due to wage labour exclusion/confinement to domestic sphere
      - Beneficiaries of system are men and capitalism, class struggle (women as a class)
      - Flaws
        
        Already in exploitative relationship before capitalism, no explanation for women's exclusion from public sphere/engage in unpaid work at home
        
        Not examining how men oppress women, patriarchal relationships and capitalism
    - - Women's rights rather than gender inequality
      - Gender as most fundamental structure of oppression, marked by patriarchy (most fundamental model of inequality)
      - Patriarchy: violence (systems of exploitation) in ideals of motherhood, monogamy, chastity, and heterosexuality, workplace sexual harassment, gynaecology/obstetrics/psychotherapy practices, housework (does not accrue monetary reward) and underpaid wage work
      - Solution: rework consciousness to recognise own value/strength, not viewing herself as weak/dependent/second-class and work together to establish trust/support/appreciation/mutual defence (to eliminate oppression)
    - - Marxist/Class theory combined with feminist theory of patriarchy (women’s relationship to economy/men), patriarchy as trans-historical, explains women’s subordinate position (hidden by motherhood and marriage) in society
      - Link sexual division of labour (both domestic sphere and labour market) with economy, women’s reproductive labour restricts wage employment (confined to marriage and concealed in concepts of marriage/motherhood), benefiting men to continue dominating public sphere while women’s work in private sphere helps men maintain their jobs
      - Flaws: not explaining duality of capitalism/patriarchy, neglects other domains of power related to race/ethnicity and global impacts on capitalism
    - - Conglomeration of ideas, meaning always shifting/fragmented in nature, stable relationship between objective of social reality/ language to represent/describe does not exist, social reality cannot be explained in objective/scientific way
      - Knowledge based on context and shaped by subjective conditions/interests, not one truth but many, identity is multiple-inflected (by race/ethnicity/age/sexuality)
      - Flaws: too relativistic, threat to feminism (objective of uncovering oppression and resisting/challenging present social structures)
    - - Postmodernism with emancipation, pluralism and relativism, oppression/liberation grounded in lived experiences of both men/women, understanding women’s shared experiences (especially labour exploitation)
      - Dialectic (processes/relations of power), rejection of core (self as outcome of process)
    - - Emphasis on ethnic difference (racialisation/colonialism/racism) criticises other feminism for homogenising diverse identities/experiences, differences in experiences/causes of racism, women/men in contexts of race/class/age/sexual orientation
      - Response to ethnocentricism, black women’s oppression different from white women’s