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Unit 7:Music & Art (Chapter 46 (Poetry in Motion: Tchaikovsky and the…

- - - - Actions synchronized to music
      - Inhuman physical demands
      - Evolution
        
        Attached to Operas
        
        18th century ballet independent of Opera
        
        Renaissance court festivals and entertainments
        
        19th century French, then Russian preeminence
      - Famous Russian Choreographer- Marius Pepita
        
        created the classic pas de deux (dance for 2)
    - - St. Petersburg Conservatory, age 23
      - Taught at Moscow Conservatory
      - Born in Russia
      - $ support by Nadezhda von Meck, a wealthy widow that never met Tchaikovsky
      - Appealed to Western tastes
        
        easy listening
      - Extremely sensitive, had depression
        
        Homosexual, but married a student at the conservatory
    - - Written in 1892
      - Orchestral Suite came after the Ballet
      - Tchaikovsky was the giant of late 19th century Russian ballet
        
        Sleeping Beauty
        
        The Nutcracker
        
        Act I
        
        Christmas party where Clara and Fritz receive a nutcracker from their grandfather
        
        Clara dreams about mice around the tree, dolls she received come alive and fight the mice, then the Nutcracker and Mouse King battle, and vanishes when hit by Clara's slipper, then Nutcracker becomes a prince
        
        Act II
        
        In land of sweets, ruled by Sugar Plum Fairy. Prince presents Clara to his family, and a celebration occurs. Dances accompanied by colorful instruments (celesta). In Trepak (Russian dance), the orchestral sound is enlivened by a tambourine. Then Arabia, China and Waltz of the Flowers
        
        Swan Lake
        
        all choreographed by Pepita
      - Listening Examples
        
        Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy (LG 37)
        
        melody played by celesta (bell-like), accompanied by pizzicato strings and bass clarinet
        
        duple meter, 1 strong beat and 1 weak beat
        
        3 part form (A-B-A)
        
        Ballerina speeds up her movements when tempo increases
        
        staccato melody, somewhat chromatic
        
        quiet and mysterious mood
        
        Trepak (LG 37)
        
        lively dance tune, heavy accents, in homophonic texture (primary melody with accompaniment) that has accelerando (getting faster)
        
        orchestra with emphasis on tambourine, trumpet fanfare
        
        3 part form (A-B-A)
        
        short, staccato melody, descending with sforzandos (accents)
        
        vivacious mood, builds to a frenzy at the end
        
        Chinese Dance
        
        Waltz of the Flowers
        
        Watched the American Ballet Theater performance of the dances
        
        very graceful and effortless
- - - - Serge Diaghilev's Ballet Russes
        
        Paris Company with Russian dances
      - The Rite of Spring commissioned by Diaghilev
        
        Team of innovators
        
        Nijinsky- Choreographer
        
        jerky and irregular movements with individual limbs, jumping up and down in place, forming rotating geometric patterns onstage
        
        Stravinsky- Music
        
        Roerich- Stage design
      - Combination of art, music, and dance
      - Riots at premiere in 1913
    - - Studied composition with Rimsky-Korsakov
      - Ballets: The Firebird, Petrushka, and The Rite of Spring
      - When war broke out in 1914, he left for Switzerland, then France
      - When WWII began, moved to Los Angeles
      - Evolving styles: post-Impressionism, primitivism, Neo-Classicism, twelve-tone
    - - Orchestra (strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion) large & loud, use of bow strokes (pizz and down), one of the great orchestrators
      - Russian folk songs or short fragments
      - Primitivism
        
        Percussion use of dissonance
        
        "Scenes of Pagan Russia"
        
        polyrhythms and polytonality
      - Minimized harmonic change
        
        Ostinatos
        
        Pedal Points
        
        Repetition
      - Unpredictable & violent accents
      - avant-garde
      - LG 44
        
        The Rite of Spring (Le sacre du printemps, Part I, excerpts
        
        Dance of the Youths and Maidens
        
        faster tempo and has folk-song melodies that alternate with nonmetric sound blocks
        
        pizzicato motive returns several times
        
        duple pulse with irregular accents
        
        dissonant chords
        
        polyphonic
        
        sectional form (A-B-A'-C-A-D-E-F-G-A''-F')
        
        changing instrumental colors throughout
        
        forceful, with high energy
        
        Game of Abduction
        
        frenetic pace (even faster), meter not established
        
        irregular accents and dissonant chords
        
        new melodic ideas
        
        scurrying figures and horn calls, brief folk tune
        
        dense texture with shifting activity
        
        Introduction
        
        slow tempo (creating a haunting mood) and played freely (free meter)
        
        bassoon played in a disjunct melody in a wide range, with solo clarinets, accompanied by pizzicato strings
- - - - Short poem full of emotional words
        
        Wide range of topics
        
        Composers set these words suggestively
      - Words and music tapestry
    - - Throughout the Middle Ages information transmitted orally
        
        Only a few could read and write, books copied by hand
      - Mid-15th century: Johannes Gutenberg first printed Western book (the Bible)
        
        Printing an agent for social change, increased literacy
      - Early 16th century: Petrucci developed polyphonic music printing
        
        Expensive but soon found cheaper methods
        
        Amateur Musicians
        
        Music at home
        
        Vocal, instrumental, mix, sometimes expanded to 5 or 6 voices
        
        Part of "proper" upbringing-especially women
    - - The French Chanson & the Italian Madrigal
        
        Spontaneous social song
        
        Social part songs-separate musical lines combined into a whole
        
        Usually monophonic
        
        Word painting (madrigalisms)
        
        Music reflects the meaning of the words
        
        Ex: unexpected harsh dissonance might coincide with the word "death"
        
        French Chanson is an outgrowth of the medieval version we heard by Machaut
    - - II bianco e dolce cigno (The White and Sweet Swan) (LG 5)
        
        Words clear (homorhythm), simple and lyrical, conjunct
        
        4 voices, a cappella
        
        Subtle word painting, some words with melismas and others with chromaticism
        
        Published first book of madrigals most widely reprinted collection of the time (1538)
        
        Amateurs- men & women sing
        
        Double meanings
        
        Death
        
        Sexual innuendo
        
        music enhances lyrics
        
        Duple meter
        
        10 line poem by Alfonso d'Avalos
        
        Through-composed until the last line (which is repeated several times)
      - Chamber music, one per part, each reading from a part book
      - Moved from Belgium to Italy in 1520s
      - Took a post in France at the court of the cardinal of Lorraine, where he wrote and published secular and sacred music
      - Wrote 250 madrigals, mostly for 4 voices, wrote 125 French chansons
    - - Evolved
        
        English composers developed Italian madrigal into a native art form
        
        Late 16th century, reign of Elizabeth I
        
        Some serious, some humorous
        
        Ex: "fa, la, la"
        
        One of the most important English madrigal composers was John Farmer
    - - Fair Phyllis (1599) (LG 6)
        
        Social music, designed for friends to sing to each other
        
        Form- ababcc
        
        Word painting on opening line ("all alone") and on "up and down"
        
        Pastoral text, good humor, lively rhythms begins in duple meter then shifts to triple and back
        
        A shepherdess (Phyllis) being pursued by her lover, Amyntas
        
        Dancelike, diatonic melody
        
        Varied texture: monophonic, imitative, then homorhythmic for last line
        
        4 voices (SATB), a cappella
      - Composer
      - Dublin, Ireland but in 1599 moved to London and published his only 4-voice madrigals
- - - - Preexisting poetry
        
        Goethe, Heine (leading figures) favored short, personal, "lyric" poems
        
        Love, longing, beauty of nature
      - Song cycle=groups of Lieder unified by a narrative thread or common theme
      - Art Song, Lied (plural, Lieder)
        
        German-texted solo song with piano accompaniment
      - Characteristics
        
        Identify the words of a song as carrying its meaning
        
        Music carries subtle intensity
        
        Interaction between text and music
        
        For amateurs and professionals
    - - Strophic
        
        The same music repeated for each stanza
        
        Ex: Green Day
      - Through-composed
        
        No repetitions of whole sections, the music changes according to the text
        
        Paranoid Android-Radiohead
        
        slow music that has a lot of meaning to the artists
        
        the singer moves his head a lot
        
        Composers can mirror every shade of meaning in the words
      - Modified Strophic
        
        The same melody may be repeated for a few stanzas, but new material introduced when poem requires it
        
        Ex: Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata
    - - Public recognition while still a teen
      - Career built on intimate musical performances in people's homes
      - Concerts-Schubertiads
      - Born in Vienna
      - Died at age 31; buried near Beethoven (per request)
      - Symphonies and chamber music are Classical in nature
      - Songs or lieder are wholly Romantic
        
        Subtle interactions between vocal part and accompaniment
        
        More than 600 Lieder
    - - Piano opening sets the atmosphere, galloping
      - Four characters (father, son, Elfking, narrator)
        
        Sung by same soloist, differentiated musically (each character sings in different range)
        
        Narrator: middle register, minor key
        
        Father: low register, minor key
        
        Son: high register, minor key
        
        Elfking: middle register, major key
      - Ballad poem by Goethe
        
        Legend of the Elfking: whoever he touches must die
        
        Father and sick son riding through the forest on a windy night, Elfking appears to the son, son dies
      - Through-composed
        
        Shaping music to follow the action of the story with a steady rise in tension and pitch that builds almost to the end
      - Child's terror expressed by clashing dissonance and a high vocal range
      - Almost constant triplets in the piano and duple meter, and fast
    - - Born in Zwickau, Germany, studied law
      - Ambition to be a pianist, but injured his hand and turned to composition and criticism
      - 1830s courtship of composer/pianist Clara Wieck; married in 1840
        
        Clara foremost interpreter of husband's music
      - After a suicide attempt, Robert was confined to an asylum
        
        He was bipolar
      - Unified Song Cycles from single poet
    - - 16 poems by Heinrich Heine
      - Psychological progression from freshness of love through disappointment to despair
      - Song cycle from 1840
      - Song no.1: In the Lovely Month of May (LG 27)
        
        Two strophes (versus, or stanzas)
        
        With a piano pre-lude, interlude, and postlude
        
        Piano part wistful, harmony meandering, no resolution (left suspended)
        
        Melancholic mood portrays one-sided love
        
        Solo voice and piano
- - - - Captured 1st impressions and concept of continuous change in the subject
      - Originally impressions, a "bad" name give to Monet painting
      - 1860s
      - Impressionist painters
        
        Monet
        
        Landscape more well know, colors with movement
        
        Degas
        
        People, darker color, ballerina dancers more well known, with backgrounds
        
        Renoir
        
        Soft characteristics, more focused on people and connection
      - Symbolist poets sought abstraction of language
        
        Mallarme, Verlaine, influenced by Poe
    - - Some French composers were inspired by Impressionist and Symbolist movements
      - Imitated the brush strokes of Impressionists
      - Experimentation with subtlety and ambiguity
        
        Major-minor system too predictable and obvious
        
        Blending timbres, veiled sounds
      - Exoticism, look at other cultures and put into music
      - Spread of Nationalism, taking folk tunes and putting in music
    - - Modal, Chromatic, Whole tone, Pentatonic scales
      - Unresolved dissonances, doesn't end beautifully
      - 9th chords
        
        a set of five notes in which the interval between the lowest and highest tones is a ninth
      - Rich Orchestral colors (not just loud)
        
        Sometimes dark, muted
      - Free rhythm
      - Programmatic
    - - Born in Paris
      - Paris Conservatory at age 11
      - Made famous from
        
        1890s- Opera Pelleas and Melisande
      - True Impressionist
      - Interest in non-Western scales
      - Helped establish the melodie as a French national art form
        
        Wanted written down and known
    - - Inspired by the symbolist poem by Mallarme
        
        Raw sensuality
        
        Describes half-man/half-goat creature
      - Debussy's music a series of "backdrops"
        
        Fluid and rhapsodic
        
        Novel tone colors and chords
      - Later choreographed scandalously by Nijinsky
      - A-B-A' form
      - lyrical, sinuous melody
      - free flowing rhythms
      - homophonic
      - strings, 2 harps, woodwinds, French horns, antique cymbals