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Conversation and the Conversation Principles of Process, Cooperation,…
Conversation and the Conversation Principles of Process, Cooperation, Dialogue, Turn-Taking, and Politeness
Conversation:
the informal exchange of messages between two people or a small group
The Principle of Process: Conversation Is a Developmental Process:
It's convenient to divide up this process into chunks or stages and to view each stage as requiring a choice as to what and how you'll say it
Opening:
The 1st step is to open conversation
Phatic communication:
the greeting message that establishes a connection between two people and opens up the channels for more meaningful interaction
Feedforward:
The 2nd step is to provide some kind of feedforward to give the other person a general idea of the conversation's focus
Business:
The 3rd step is the the substance or focus of the conversation
Feedback:
The 4th step is feedback, the reverse of feedforward, you reflect back on the conversation to signal that the business is completed
Closing:
The 5th step is the good-bye, often reveals how satisfied the participants were with the conversation
The Principle of Cooperation:
The mutually agreed-upon assumption that you and the person you are speaking to will both try to understand each other
Quantity principle:
Requires that you be only as informative as necessary to communicate your intended meaning, and you include information that makes the meaning clear but omit what does not
Quality principle:
States that you should say what you know or believe to be true and not say what you know to be false
Relation principle:
Asks that you talk about what is relevant to the conversation
Manner principle:
Requires that you be clear, avoid ambiguities, be relatively brief, and organize your thoughts into a meaningful sequence
The Principle of Dialogue: Conversation Is Dialogic:
Two-way interaction
Dialogue:
Each person is both speaker and listener, sender and receiver
Monologue:
it's communication in which person speaks and the other listens
Suggestions
Demonstrate respect for the other person
Avoid negative criticism and negative judgments
Keep the channels of communication open
Acknowledge the presence and importance of the other person
Avoid manipulating the conversation
The Principle of Turn Taking: Conversation Is a Process of Turn Taking:
Turn-taking
is that speaker and listener exchange roles throughout the interaction
Listener cues:
Turn-requesting cues:
You regulate the conversation by using these cues to let the speaker know that you'd like to take a turn as speaker
Turn-denying cues:
You can indicate your reluctance to assume the role of speaker by using these cues
Back-Channeling cues:
Are used to communicate various types of information back to the speaker
without
your assuming the role of speaker and are generally supportive and confirming
Speaker cues:
Turn-maintaining cues:
Help you maintain the speaker's role
Turn-yielding cues:
You tell the listener that you're finished and wish to exchange the role of speaker for that of listener
Interruptions:
(opposite to back-channeling cues) Are attempts to take over the role of the speaker
The Principle of Politeness: Conversation Is (Usually) Polite
The maxim of tact:
Helps to maintain the other's autonomy. Tact in your conversation would mean that you do not impose on others or challenge their right to do as they wish
The maxim of generosity:
Helps to confirm the other person's importance
The maxim of approbation:
Refers to praising someone or complimenting a person in some way
The maxim of modesty:
Minimizes any praise or compliments you might receive. At the same time, you might praise and compliment the other person
The maxim of agreement:
Refers to your seeking our areas of agreement and expressing them and at the same time avoiding and not expressing disagreements
The maxim of sympathy:
Refers to the expression of understanding, sympathy, empathy, supportiveness, and the like for another person.
