Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
EXCHANGES & OSMOREGULATION (Definitions (C ardiac Output (Volume of…
EXCHANGES & OSMOREGULATION
Definitions
Diffusion
Net movement from high conc. to low conc.
Gastrovascular Cavity
One opening connecting the cavity to surrounding H2O
Capillary Beds
Network of capillaries
Cardiac Cycle
One complete cycle of pumping and filing of the heart
Systole
Contraction of heart; top # of blood pressure
Disastole
Relaxation of heart; bottom # of blood pressure
C ardiac Output
Volume of blood each ventricle pumps per minute
determined by heart rate and stroke volume
Heart Rate
Rate of contraction
Stroke Volume
amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in a single contraction
Platelets
cell fragments invovled in clotting
Erythrocytes
RBC; function is to transport O2
Hemoglobin
Protein that transports O2
Leukocytes
WBC; fight infections
Atherosclerosis
the hardening of the arteries by accumulation of fatty deposits
Countercurrent Exchange
The exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions
Positive Pressure Breathing
Inflating the lungs with forced airflow
Negative Pressure Breathing
Pulling air into the lungs
Tidal Volume
volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath
Vital Capacity
The tidal volume during maximal inhalation and exhalation
Residual Volume
The air that remains after a forced exhalation
Circulatory Systems
Open
Hemolymph
BOTH circulatory fluid & interstitial fluid
Exchanges gases and chemicals with body tissues
Ex Organisms: Arthropods (grasshoppers, clams)
Use less energy b/c of lower hydrostatic pressure
Blood NOT contained within vessels
Closed
Circulatory fluid different from interstitial fluid
Circulatory fluid = blood
Ex Organisms: Annelids(earthworms), Cephalopods(squid, octopuses) ALL vertebraes
Benefits
blood pressure high enough to enable the effective delivery of O2 and nutrients in larger and more active animals
Blood closed within vessels
Major Vessels
Arteries
Move blood AWAY from heart to tissues
Veins
move blood TOWARD heart
Capillaries
allow diffusion of nutrients between blood and interstitial fluid
Main Components
Circulatory fluid
connecting vessels
muscular pump (heart)
Used for transportation of material between site of exchange and rest of body
Single Circulation
Two chamber heart: 1 atrium & 1 ventricle
blood travels through body in ONE loop
blood pressure in capillaries = low
Ex organisms: sharks, bony fish
Double Circulation
two circuits of blood flow
1st Circuit: Pulmonary Circuit
Right side of heart: deoxygenated blood flows away from heart
gas exchange occurs in the lungs
2nd Circuit: Systemic Circuit
Left side of heart: oxgenated blood returns to heart
Three chambers
Ex: frogs & amphibians
2 atria 1 ventricle
ability to shut off blood flow to lungs when submerged
Four chambers
two atria and two completely divided ventricles
the left side receives and pumps only oxygen-rich blood
the right side receives and pumps only oxygen-poor blood
Ex organisms: mammals, amphibians
Respiratory System
Gills
Ventilation
Movement of the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface; necessary for gas exchange
Countercurrent exchange
blood flows one way H2O flows the opposite
Outfoldings on body surface that are suspended in H2O
Lungs
Path of airflow
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
R Lung
1 more item...
L Lung
1 more item...
Circulatory system = bridge between lungs and rest of body
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli
Tracheal Systems
Common in insects
"Network of tubes that branch throughout the body
Trachea
Largest tube; open to outside
gas exchange occurs by diffusion through skin
Open circulatory system not needed
Excretory Process
1) Filtration
Small molecules and H2O cross the epithelial membrane and form filtrate
2) Reabsorption
recovery of useful molecules and water from the filtrate and return to the body fluid; reabsorbed by active transport
3) Secretion
Nonessential solutes and wastes are left or added in the filtrate ; occurs by active transport
4) Excretion
processed filtrate containing nitrogenous wastes is released from the body as urine
Osmoregulation
Osmosis
diffusion of H2O in & out of a cell
Osmolarity
Unit of measurement for solute conc.( #mol/L solute)
Hyperosmotic
higher conc.
Isoosmotic
no net movement
hypoosmotic
lower conc.
Ways animals balance H2O conc.
osmoconformer
isoosmotic w/ surrroundings
marine animals
Osmoregulator
able to control internal osmolarity separately from the external osmolarity
freshwater, terrestial animals
dischages excess H2O in a hypoosmotic environment
Function is to control solute concentration in cells
Anatomy of Nephron
Glomerulus
Bowmans Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal ConvolutedTubule
Collecting Duct
pH regulation
Mostly Secretion
Descending
H2O diffuses out via osmosis; passive transport
Ascending
NaCl pumped out into the interstitial fluid; active transport
99% of reabsorption occurs here
-- Ball of capillaries