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Bacteria (Aerobes (Gram -ve (Bacilli (rods) (Glucose Fermenting "…

- - - - Glucose Fermenting
        "Enterobacteriaceae"
        
        Oxidase -ve
        
        Lactose
        Fermentation +ve
        
        Enterobacter spp.
        
        Beta-hemolytic
        
        Escheria coli (E. coli)
        
        Bacteremia, diarrhea/cramps,
        neonatal sepsis & meningitis
        
        Multiple strains with different symptoms
        (ETEC, EHEC/STEC)
        
        2 more items...
        
        KEEPS: 75-90% of UTIs
        
        Ceftriaxone
        
        Lactose
        Fermantation -ve
        
        Salmonella spp
      - Glucose non-fermenting
        
        oxidase +ve
        
        lactose -ve
        
        Pseudomonas aeruginosa
        
        Important opportunistic
        nosocomial pathogen!
        
        Ventilator and hospital-associated pneumonia, high mortality
        
        UTIs, bacteremia, folliculitis, otitis externa (outer ear canal), hot-tub rash
        
        Intrinsically resistant to many common antibiotics, BD says ceftazidime (3rd gen cephalo) and tobramycin
    - - Oxidase +ve
        
        Neisseria gonorrhoeae
        
        gonorrhea!
        
        can spread to pharyngitis, conjuctivitis,
        "disseminated gonococcal infections"
        ceftriaxone or cefixime
        
        Neisseria meningitidis
        a.k.a meningococcus
        
        Important cause of meningitis
        
        Moraxella catarrhalis
        
        Otitis media, sinusitis, COPD exacerbations
    - - Oxidase +ve
        
        Haemophilus influenzae
        
        Thought to cause flu before 1933; loves the lung
        
        "Fastidious" - requires specific conditions
        for growth (released from lysed RBCs)
        
        Bacteremia, meningitis, pneumonia,
        epiglottis, sinusitis, otitis media
        
        rates of infection have dropped
        due to immunization against serotype B
        
        Amox, Amox-clav, or ceftriaxone
        
        Bordetella pertussis
        
        Whooping cough
        azithromycin or clarithromycin
    - - H. Pylori
        
        CLAMET: clarithro 500mg PO bid + Amox 1g PO bid + metronidazole 500mg PO bid + PPI all x 14 days
  - - - Strep (pairs/chains)
        catalase -ve
        
        alpha (partial) hemolytic
        
        strep. pneumoniae
        aka pneumococcus
        
        Most common bacterial cause of community-acquired pneumonia; also causes otitis media, sinusitis
        
        less commonly causes bacteremia; meningitis
        
        treat with penicillin or amoxicillin/ampicillin (use ceftriaxone + vancomycin for meningitis)
        
        viridans group streptococci
        
        Reside in mouth and GI (think eating spinich - green stuff!)
        
        Cause bacteremia, infective endocarditis, abscesses
        
        S bovis (associated with colon cancer), s alivarius, s mutans (dental plaques), smitis/oralis, s anginosus (brain or liver abscesses)
        
        Enterococcus spp
        (group D strep)
        
        E. faecalis and E. faecium, live in GI (think of taking a Dump) UTIs (KEEPS) (look up susceptibility!)
        
        beta (total) hemolytic
        universally susceptible to penicillin
        
        Group A Strep (GAS)
        aka Strep pyogenes ("pus-forming")
        
        Causes pharyngitis (most common bacterial cause, hence "strep throat") --> scarlet fever ("strawberry tongue") --> rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, post-strep glomerulonephritis; streptococcal toxic shock syndrome; impetigo; "usual pathogen" of erysipelas (B&D), cellulitis; necrotizing fasciitis
        
        Emperic therapy: penicillin G or ceftriaxone (3rd gen cephalosporin) (B&D)
        
        Group B Strep
        
        neonatal sepsis/meningitis/pneumonia (most common cause) (Think it affects Babies)
        
        intrapartum prophylaxis: penicillin 5MU IV or clindamycin if severe allergy
        
        Group C & G Streptococci
        
        Bacteremia, endocarditis, septic arthritis, pharyngitis, skin + soft tissue infections
        
        gamma (non) hemolytic - now no longer categorized as strep
      - Staph (clusters)
        catalase +ve
        
        Coagulase -ve:
        "Coagulase -ve staph"
        
        Staph epidermidis
        
        Lives on skin, can migrate via a catheter, loves to make biofilms on protheses
        
        Many others including:
        S. lugdunensis,
        etc.
        
        generally less virulent than Stap Aureus, need a way in
        
        Staph saprophyticus
        
        Causes 40% UTIs in young sexually active women (KEEPS)
        
        Coagulase +ve:
        Staph Aureus
        
        "pre-eminent among bacteria for causing a wide range (in both type and severity) of infections"
        
        leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections (e.g. abscesses, cellulitis), joint, osteomyelitis, food poisoning, bacteremia, prosthetics, toxic shock syndrome, endocarditis (most common cause ~30%)
        
        Emperic therapy: cefazolin 1st gen cephalosporin; vanco for MRSA (B&D)
    - - Listeria monocytogenes
        
        common cause of meningitis
        
        usually treated with ampicillin
  - - - M. leprae
      - M. Tuberculosis
- - - - Clostridium
        
        C. Tetani
        
        spasm
        
        C difficile
        
        death by diarrhea
        metronidazole or vanco
        
        C. botulinum
        
        paralysis, "floppy baby"
        
        C. perfinges
        
        food poisoning
    - - Streptococcus anginosus group
        (note: not strict anaerobes) #
        
        forms abscesses (never works alone)
        
        S. anginosus, S. constellatus, S. milleri
  - - - Bacteroides spp.
        
        Comprise a large proportion of anaerobes in gut