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Chapter 4: Planning and Decision Making (How To Make a Plan That Works…
Chapter 4: Planning and Decision Making
Planning
Choosing a goal and developing a method or strategy to achieve that goal.
Benefits of Planning
Intensified effort
Persistence
Direction
Creation of task strategies
Pitfall of Planning
Impeded change and slow adaptation
A false sense of certainty
Detachment of planners
How To Make a Plan That Works
Setting Goals
Goal Commitment
Developing Effective Action Plans
Tracking Progress
Maintaining Flexibility
Top Management
Strategic plans
Purpose statement
Strategic objective
Middle Management
Tactical plans
Management by objectives
Lower-level Managers
Operational plans
Single-use plans
Standing plans
Standing Plans
Policies
Procedures
Rules and regulations
Decisions
Decision Making
Rational Decision Making
Steps of the Rational Decision-Making Process
Define the Problem
Identify Decision Criteria
Weight the Criteria
Generate Alternative Course of Action
Compute the Optimal Decision
Using Groups to Improve Decision Making
Structured Conflict
The norminal Group Technique
the Delphi Technique
The stepladder technique
Electronic Brainstorming
Advantages of Group Decision Making
Groups are able to view problems from multiple perspectives
Groups can find and access more information
Groups can generate more alternative solutions
Group members will be committed to making the solution to work
Pitfalls of Group Decision Making
Group is insulated from others with different perspectives
Group leader begins by expressing a strong preference for a particular decision
group has no established procedure for systematically defining problems and exploring alternatives
group members have similar backgrounds and exeriences
Structured Conflict
C-Type
Conflict focuses on problem and issue-related differences of opinion
Devil Advocacy
Dialectical Inquiry
A-Type
conflict focuses on emotional reactions
Nominal Group Technique
group members independently write down as many ideas as possible
then, all ideas are shared
then, members rank all ideas
the alternative with the highest average rank is selected
Delphi Technique
Members of a panel of experts respond to questions and to each other until reaching agreement
Stepladder Technique
begins with a discussion between two people
other members are added one at a time to review old ideas and suggest new ones
and the process continues until all members have contributed
Brainstorming
technique for generating a large number of ideas and alternative