Circulation and Osmoregulation
Blood pressure and vessels
Mammalian circulation
Organization of Vertebrate Circulatory systems
Osmoregulation
Open VS closed Circulatory system
Excretion
process by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss
Osmoregulator
Osmoconformer
to be isoosmotic with its surrondings
to control internal osmolarity independent of external environment
all of them are marine animals
can allow organism to live in fresh water or on land, perhaps even both
Marine Animals
Freshwater animals
Temporary water animals
Land Animals
Dehydration is major problem. Adaptations such as skin, shells, waxy laters of insects.
Extreme dehydration called desiccation is not fatal to tardigrades. Enter dormant state called anhydrobiosis.
face problem of gaining water by osmosis, excrete large amounts of dilute urine. drink little water.
Most are Osmoconformer, osmoregularity is often same of seawater so no big challenges. Move specific salt ions out of body. Lose a lot of water from osmosis so they drink a lot of water
Closed
Open
Circulatory fluid is called hemolymph
Circulatory fluid is called blood
arthropods such as grasshoppers, some mollusks
Annelids, cephalopods and all vertebrates
less energy required, some use hydrostatic pressure like in spiders to extend legs
more effective in transporting O2 and nutritensts in larger, more active animals.
Single Circulation
Double circulation
Arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
carry blood from heart to organs
within organs
microscopic vessels
Viens
converge from capillaries
move blood back to heart
two major capillary beds, one loop
amphibians, reptiles and mammals
sharks, rays, bony fishes.
two chambers, atrium and ventricle
pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit
adaptions of the double circulatory system
amphibians
reptiles have 3 chambers with an incomplete septum
alligators caimans and crocs the ventricles are divided by a complete septum. arterial valves shunt blood away from lungs when animal is underwater
Survey of excretory systems
three chambers (two atria, one ventricle)
have a ridge within ventricle that diverts blood from lungs when submerged in water
blood flows through capillary beds in left,right lungs
Oxygen blood returns from lungs via pulmonary veins to left atrium of heart
oxygen blood flows to hearts left ventricle which pumps the O2 blood to body tissues (systemic circuit)
blood leaves the left ventricle via the aorta which moves blood arteries leading throughout body (coronary artery is first)
then branches lead to capillary beds to head and arms
the aorta then descends to supply the O2 blood to lower body
diffusion in capillaries occur
venules lead blood to vein (superior vena cava for upper and inferior for lower) which leads the now O2 deprived blood to heart
Contraction of right ventricle pumps blood to lungs via pulmonary arteries
the two veins empty the blood into the the right atrium form which the oxygen poor blood flows into the right ventricle
Closer look of Mammalian heart
Systole
diastole
cardiac output
heart rate
stroke volume
Cardiac Cycle
complete sequence of pumping and filling
the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
the contraction phase of the cycle
volume of blood each ventricle pumps per minute
number of beats per minute(rate of contraction)
amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in a single contraction
Blood vessels
Blood pressure
Protonephridia
Flatworms, network of dead end ubles that branch throughout body, releases urine or waste through openings
Metanephridia
Malpighian Tubles
Kidneys
most annelids, collect fluid, serves as excretory and osmoregulatory
Insects and arthropods, removes nitrogenous wastes that also function in osmoregulation
both osmo. and excretion. consists of tubles
all have a central lumen(cavity) with an endothelium layer.
systolic pressure
diastolic pressure
pulse
vasoconstriction
vasodilation
increase in diameter that causes blood pressure in arteries to fall
narrowing of arteries, causing blood pressure to rise
pressure when ventricles are relaxed
when blood pressure is highest from heart contractions
rhythm of bulging of the artery walls with each heartbeat
healthy blood pressure is 120/70