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Circulation and Osmoregulation (Mammalian circulation (blood flows through…
Circulation and Osmoregulation
Blood pressure and vessels
Blood vessels
all have a central lumen(cavity) with an endothelium layer.
Blood pressure
systolic pressure
when blood pressure is highest from heart contractions
diastolic pressure
pressure when ventricles are relaxed
pulse
rhythm of bulging of the artery walls with each heartbeat
vasoconstriction
narrowing of arteries, causing blood pressure to rise
vasodilation
increase in diameter that causes blood pressure in arteries to fall
healthy blood pressure is 120/70
Mammalian circulation
blood flows through capillary beds in left,right lungs
Oxygen blood returns from lungs via pulmonary veins to left atrium of heart
oxygen blood flows to hearts left ventricle which pumps the O2 blood to body tissues (systemic circuit)
blood leaves the left ventricle via the aorta which moves blood arteries leading throughout body (coronary artery is first)
then branches lead to capillary beds to head and arms
the aorta then descends to supply the O2 blood to lower body
diffusion in capillaries occur
venules lead blood to vein (superior vena cava for upper and inferior for lower) which leads the now O2 deprived blood to heart
Contraction of right ventricle pumps blood to lungs via pulmonary arteries
the two veins empty the blood into the the right atrium form which the oxygen poor blood flows into the right ventricle
Organization of Vertebrate Circulatory systems
Single Circulation
two major capillary beds, one loop
sharks, rays, bony fishes.
two chambers, atrium and ventricle
Double circulation
amphibians, reptiles and mammals
pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit
adaptions of the double circulatory system
amphibians
three chambers (two atria, one ventricle)
have a ridge within ventricle that diverts blood from lungs when submerged in water
reptiles have 3 chambers with an incomplete septum
alligators caimans and crocs the ventricles are divided by a complete septum. arterial valves shunt blood away from lungs when animal is underwater
Arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
Viens
move blood back to heart
converge from capillaries
microscopic vessels
within organs
carry blood from heart to organs
Osmoregulation
process by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss
Osmoregulator
to control internal osmolarity independent of external environment
can allow organism to live in fresh water or on land, perhaps even both
Osmoconformer
to be isoosmotic with its surrondings
all of them are marine animals
Marine Animals
Most are Osmoconformer, osmoregularity is often same of seawater so no big challenges. Move specific salt ions out of body. Lose a lot of water from osmosis so they drink a lot of water
Freshwater animals
face problem of gaining water by osmosis, excrete large amounts of dilute urine. drink little water.
Temporary water animals
Extreme dehydration called desiccation is not fatal to tardigrades. Enter dormant state called anhydrobiosis.
Land Animals
Dehydration is major problem. Adaptations such as skin, shells, waxy laters of insects.
Open VS closed Circulatory system
Closed
Circulatory fluid is called blood
Annelids, cephalopods and all vertebrates
more effective in transporting O2 and nutritensts in larger, more active animals.
Open
Circulatory fluid is called hemolymph
arthropods such as grasshoppers, some mollusks
less energy required, some use hydrostatic pressure like in spiders to extend legs
Excretion
Survey of excretory systems
Protonephridia
Flatworms, network of dead end ubles that branch throughout body, releases urine or waste through openings
Metanephridia
most annelids, collect fluid, serves as excretory and osmoregulatory
Malpighian Tubles
Insects and arthropods, removes nitrogenous wastes that also function in osmoregulation
Kidneys
both osmo. and excretion. consists of tubles
Closer look of Mammalian heart
Systole
the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
diastole
the contraction phase of the cycle
cardiac output
volume of blood each ventricle pumps per minute
heart rate
number of beats per minute(rate of contraction)
stroke volume
amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in a single contraction
Cardiac Cycle
complete sequence of pumping and filling