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MitchellMcDowellBio2Ch42+44 (Osmoregulation and Excretion (44)…
MitchellMcDowellBio2Ch42+44
Circulation and Gas Exchange(42)
Circulation
Types of Circulatory Systems
Gastrovascular Cavity
Found in organisms without distinct circulatory system, allows most cells to diffuse directly with enviroment for gas exchange and digestion
Found in phylums Cnidaria and Platyhelmithes primarily
Open Circulatory System
Hemolymph
Interstitial fluid that bathes body cells
Found in Nematoda and Arthropods primarily
Functions with central heart that pumps hemolymph all around body to cells
Closed Circulatory System
Found in Annelids and Vertebrates primarily
Functions with heart(s) and vessels in a network that feeds to the organs and back
Blood
confined to vessels and has more components
Single Circulation
heart consists of 1 atruim and 1 ventricle
Double Circulation
heart consists of 2 Atria and 2 ventricles
Systemic Circuit
capillaries that involve cells of body
Pulmonary circuit
capillaries that involve lungs
The Heart
Mammalian Pathway
Aorta
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
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Cardiac cycle
complete sequence of pumping and filling
Systole
contraction phase
Diastole
relaxation phase
Stroke volume
amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in one contraction
Heart rate
rate of contraction
Rhythm
Sinoatrial node
sets the rate and timing
Atrioventricular node
impulse is delayed to allow atria to completely drain
Electrocardiogram
measures electrical currents from the skin
Fluid Flow
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Carry blood to the heart
site of critical exchange of substances between blood and tissues
Carry blood away from the heart
thicker walls due to higher blood pressure
Lymphatic System
returns excess fluid to bloodstream
Lymph nodes
function in defense
Blood
Leukocytes
WBC's that function in immune defense
Plasma
liquid matrix that suspends components
Erythrocytes
RBC's that function in Oxygen transport
Blood Clotting
Platelets
Work to stop bleeding
Thrombus
dangerous accidental clot
Disease
Heart Attack
damage or death of cardiac muscle resulting from continuous blockage of coronary arteries
Stroke
death of nervous tissue in brain due to a lack of oxygen
Atherosclerosis
hardening of the arteries by acccumulation of fatty deposits
Gas Exchange
Uptake of molecular oxygen from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment
Partial pressure
driving force
Types of Systems
Tracheae
network of air tubes that branch throughout the body
Lungs
Localized organs
Trachea
Windpipe that carries air from Larnyx
Bronchi
leads to the lungs
Alveoli
air sacs clusters where gas exchange occurs
Surfactant
reduces surface tension to keep alveoli from collapsing
Gills
Aquatic animals utilize this to gain oxygen from the water
Countercurrent exchange
exchange of a substance between two fluids flowing in opposite directions
Ventilation
Negative pressure breathing
pulling air into lungs
Residual volume
air that remains is forced exhalation
Vital capacity
Maximal inhalation and exhalation
Tidal Volume
volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath
Respiratory pigments
help blood or fluid carry more oxygen ie Hemoglobin
Bohr Shift
helps hemoglobin unload its load of oxygen
Positive pressure breathing
inflating the lungs with forced airflow
Diving Mammals
Adaptations to conserve oxygen
Large oxygen storing capacity
Diving reflex
When face contacts water, heart rate immediately decreases and blood flow to extremities reduces
Osmoregulation and Excretion (44)
Osmoregulation
processes by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss
Osmoconformer
isosmotic with surroundings
Osmoregulator
control internal osmolarity independent of external environment
Anhydrobiosis
enter dormant state when their habitats dry up
Nitrogenous Waste
Urea
Uric Acid
Ammonia
Excretory Processes
Filtration
Filtrate
Everything after the filtration
Diffusion with the help of a force
Reabsorption
recovers useful molecules
Secretion
Non essential waste is put back into filtrate
Types of Excretory Systems
Protonephridia
network of dead end tubules
flatworms
Metanephridia
collect fluid directly form the coelom
earthworms
Malpighian Tubules
extend from hemolymph to digestive tract
Arthropods
Kidney
specialized organ that does both osmoregulation and excretion
Figure 44.12 has great pictures with all associated structures
Excretory Organs
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Ureters
Kidney Structure
Renal Medulla
Nephron
structural unit of kidney
Bowman's Capsule
Glomerulus
Proximal Tubule
Loop of Henle
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Reabsorption
Capillaries where filtration happens
Renal Cortex
Hormones
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
conservation of water primarily at the collecting ducts
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Opposes RAAS and lowers blood volume and pressure