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Unit III (Module X (Nervous System (Autonomic: Automatic functions…

- - - - Sympathetic: Initiates "fight or flight" response and increases heartrate
      - Parasympathetic: Counters the Sympathetic nervous system and calms the body down
- - - - Lesion
        
        Tissue destruction; Brain lesion(s) naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.
      - Electroencephalogram (EEG)
        
        Records amplified waves of electrical activity across the brain; measured by electrodes on human scalp.
      - CT (Computed tomography) Scan
        
        Series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain's structure (aka CAT scan).
      - PET (Position Emission Tomography) Scan
        
        Visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.
      - MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
        
        Technique using magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. Shows brain anatomy.
      - fMRI (functional MRI)
        
        Technique for revealing blood-flow, and thus brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI show brain function as well as structure.
    - - Brainstem
        
        Innermost region; Oldest part and central core of the brain, begins with spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; responsible for automatic survival functions.
      - Medulla
        
        The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.
      - Thalamus
        
        Brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
        
        Essential hub of data
      - Reticular Formation
        
        A nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal.
      - Cerebellum
        
        "Little Brain"
        
        Located at rear of brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.
    - - Limbic System
        
        Neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives
        
        Includes: Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Hypothalamus
      - Amygdala
        
        Two lima-bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked with emotion
        
        Fear and Aggression
      - Hypothalamus
        
        Neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities (eat, drink, body temperature, etc.); helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
        
        Linked with emotion and reward
- - - - Cerebral Cortex
        
        The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.
      - Glial Cells
        
        aka Glia
        
        Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; may also play a role in learning and thinking.
        
        "glue cells"
      - Frontal Lobe
        
        Portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
      - Parietal Lobe
        
        Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.
      - Temporal Lobe
        
        Portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.
      - Occipital Lobe
        
        Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from visual fields.
      - Motor Cortex
        
        An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.
      - Sensory Functions
        
        Somatosensory Cortex
        
        Area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.
        
        More sensory = Larger amount of the somatosensory cortex dedicate to it
      - Association Areas
        
        Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking.
    - - Plasticity
        
        The brain's ability to change, especially during childhood .by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.
      - Neurogenesis
        
        The formation of new neurons; attempts to mend damaged regions with stem cells.