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ANTHRCUL Exam 2 (Kinship :check: (reflects closeness and significance of…

- - - - M = mother
      - F = father
      - S = son
      - D = daughter
      - B = brother
      - Z = sister
      - C = child (of either sex)
      - H = husband
      - W = wife
- - - - analogies – similarities due to adapting in similar ways
  - - - grasping ability
        
        opposable thumb (precise grip), grasping feet
      - smell --> sight
        
        a primate's most important means of obtaining info
      - nose --> hand
        
        brachiation – hand-over-hand branch swinging
      - increased brain complexity
      - parental investment
        
        primates usually only give birth to one offspring --> more learning opportunities for offspring during growth
      - sociality
        
        group support valued, esp. for offspring
      - Identifying characteristics
        
        bipedalism
        
        foramen magnum: the more centered the hole is relative to the skull, the more likely the organism was bipedal
        
        dentition
        
        molar size, smaller teeth w/intro to fire
      - culture process demands biological changes (eg. better tools, modern skeleton, larger brain, smaller teeth, etc.)
- - - - slash-and-burn cultivation – cutting down of trees, burning bushes
  - - - nomadism – entire group moves w/animals throughout the year
        
        il-rah (common to all Iranian nomads) – customary path in time and space, i.e. the schedule of when specific areas can be used in annual trek
      - transhumance – part of group moves w/herd, but most people stay in the home village
- - - - polygamy – plural marriage
      - polygyny – several wives
      - polyandry – several husbands
  - - - recognizes the benefits of the bride
    - - acknowledges bride as added burden
- - - - horticulturalists and pastoralists
      - organized by kinship
        
        tribes
        
        villages
        
        lineages
        
        homesteads
        
        headman = tribal leader
        
        "Big Men" or "Big Women" = wealthy individuals who have influence over multiple villages
      - usually egalitarian
      - Potlach – festive, competitive feasting event among tribes taking place in North America's North Pacific Coast
        
        process: sponsoring community gives away food and wealth items to visitors in exchange for prestige (increases w/increased lavishness of potlach)
        
        potlaching tribes: sedentary foragers w/chiefs
    - - organized by homesteads
        
        small, nuclear families (typical family, kinship group of parents and children), foragers, fluidity between bands (easy to change affiliation)
      - egalitarian. members shunned if they don't conform
      - reciprocity = dominant economic pattern, people share resources => greatly reduced potential for conflict
      - no formal leadership: leadership associated w/personal skills rather than formal power/authority
  - - - socioeconomic stratification – division of society into classes
      - division of population into subordinate and superordinate (elite)
        
        superordinate members have privileged access to resources
        
        subordinate members have limited access to resources
    - - transitional
      - ranked societies
      - permanent political regulation: a chiefdom always has a chief who has...
        
        power to inflict punishment, esp. of deviant individuals
        
        less internal violence
        
        control of labour
        
        ability to redistribute: surplus of goods starts at center of power (chief) and is redistributed to the people
        
        authority to resolve disputes #
- - - - stratigraphy – accumulation of layers of sediments
- - - - ardipithecus kadabba
        
        ardipithecus ramidus: earliest known hominin skeleton, first evidence for bipedal locomotion
        
        australopithecus anamensis (gracile australopith): apelike canines w/strong jaws and heavily enameled teeth suggest hard/abrasive food diet
        
        australopithecus afarensis (gracile australopith): apelike features, bipedal, apelike upper body, sharper canines and larger molars suggest mainly vegetarian diet, large zygomatic arches, small cranial capacity
        
        australopithecus africanus (gracile australopith): smaller teeth and faces
        
        paranthropus boisei: more robust than robustus, sagittal crest, large back molars, jaws, and zygomatic arches
        
        Homo Habilis: first manufactured tools for the Oldowan people (stone tools: flakes and cores) #
        
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        Homo erectus: larger cranial capacity than H. habilis, modern body shape and height, pronounced sexual dimorphism, first to expand beyond Africa #
        
        paranthropus robustus
        
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