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Animal feeds (Nutrition of feeds (Cereals (Edible seeds of cultivated…

- - - - Soak!
      - Not for poultry
      - Shreds or pellets
      - Excellent energy and fibre
    - - Cane or beets
      - Highly palatable, high energy
      - Binding agent
  - - - Protein rich but fibre variable
    - - Extremely high protein source
- - - - Energy concentrates
      - Protein concentrates
  - - - Cereal by-products
      - Brewery by-products
      - Cereal grains
    - - Molasses
      - Beet pulps
  - - - Cakes and meals
      - Protein rich, fibre variable
      - Low in Vit K, B
      - Care in monogastrics
    - - Plants and seeds
      - 'Fix' soil nitrogen
      - Red and white clovers
      - Peas, beans, lupin
      - Can lead to bloat
    - - Dry skim or whole milk
        
        Starter diets
        
        Milk replacers
        
        Species-specific formula
      - Whey
        
        Good energy source
        
        Care: bloat in pigs
    - - Extremely protein rich
      - Processed Animal Protein Order (1989)
      - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Order (1996)
      - European Council Directive (2000)
      - Alternative is 'protected' proteins
    - - Expensive
      - Genetic manipulation to improve food value
      - Mostly for companion animals
    - - Increase microbial protein synthesis (in ruminants)
      - Urea or ammonia treated forages, cereal grains
      - Direct inclusion of urea
  - - - Mixing errors
      - Poor storage
- - - - Rolling, crushing, grinding
    - - Steam flaking, micronisation, roasting, hot pelleting
    - - NaOH
      - NH3
      - Mineralisation
  - - - Cut before mature: softer, more nutrients
      - Very high in energy
      - More mature = more starch
  - - - Each pellet same nutritional value
    - - Each pellet individual feedstuff
    - - Some feedstuffs in pellet, some squashed, some flakes, mixed. Leads to sorting by animal