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Conservation Biology（1） (Paul Sunnucks(genetic area) (WIldlife forensics…

- - - - Invasive Species (Lecture 21, 22)
        A species has been introduced to an area outside its natural habitat with being successfully established and expanded their geographic range
        
        Invasion Success:
        
        Biotic effects
        
        Bahaviour
        
        tolerent of habitat
        
        Climate similarities
        
        Genetic effects
        
        genetic effect
        
        natural selection
        
        Abiotic effects
        
        Propagule pressures
        
        EFFECTS (Spread)
        
        Economic effects
        
        Ecological EFFECTS
        
        individual
        
        red fire ants and Eastern fence lizard (repeal attacking ants and fleeing)
        
        population
        
        competitors
        
        Gene
        
        case: New zealand grey duck and mallard ducks ( introduced)
        
        Introgression ( lose purity, but from genetic rescue point of view,)
        
        Community
        
        grassland rabbit cats ferrets skink
        
        The introduction process
        
        introduction
        
        Establishment
        
        Transportation
        
        Spread( impact)
        
        how to address invasive species?
        
        intensive lethal method
        
        killing trapping poisoning
        
        NOn-lethal way
        
        bio-control
        
        sterilization
        
        parasite
        
        predator
        
        translocation
        
        teacher toad way
        
        put dead toad in front of invasive species to change their behaviour in the long run.
- - - - Carly class
        
        Key threats to biodiversity ( four main threatening process in Australia)
        
        Water regime
        
        extraction water for irrigation
        
        consequences:
        
        limit flow
        
        lead to salinisation
        
        move water across landscape
        
        removal of woody debris
        
        Consequences:
        
        Removes habitat for freshwater
        fauna
        • Changes stream morphology
        and stability
        • Reduces oxygenation of the water
        
        dams and weirs
        
        consequences:
        
        Limits & regulates flows
        • Restricts movements of fish
        • Releases are up to 10 degrees colder than natural temperatures
        • Removes pulses of water = cues for breeding & recruitment
        
        add permanent water sources
        
        Consequences:
        • Diverts potential run-off to waterways
        • Winners and losers – changes species composition
        
        Draining wetlands
        
        Removes habitat for freshwater species
        • Removes bird breeding habitat
        • Removes a filter for pollutants and silt in waterways
        • Eliminates storage of floodwaters
        
        Add nutrient
        
        Habitat loss
        
        Biggest threat to biodiversity globally
        • 80% mammals, 60% birds on IUCN Red List -
        threatened due to habitat loss
        
        How to address it ?
        
        legislation
        
        1 more item...
        
        * Offset
        
        * Protected areas
        -A protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural vate
        The main goal: protected area is a really important conservation tool but ecological performance is poor and they require protection.
        
        3 more items...
        
        Fire regime
        
        Climate Change
        
        NO2 Nitrous oxide
        
        Co2
        Carbon dioxided
        
        CFCS Chloroflurocarbons
        
        CH4 Methane
        
        Consequences: the temperature will increase by 2- 4 degress C by 2100
        
        sea level rise
        
        ocean acidification
        
        Icesheet melt
        
        Exterme weather
        
        Under this climate change scenario, what planning should be done
        
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      - except human-induced causes, what else enhances the vulnerability? (Internal influences）
        
        large body size
        
        specise on island
        
        social speices
        
        abundance and distribution
        -a few population and limited geographic range (habitat loss). Similar to propagule pressure covered in invasive species.
    - - extinct extinct in the wild critically extincted endangered vulnerable near threathened least concern
    - - remove or mitigate human-induced impacts
      - intensive conservation management
        
        in-situ (on-site)
        
        ex-situ( outside of natural habitat)
        
        storage of gametes
        
        transfer to habitat outside of the natural range
        
        captive breeding
        
        six process
        
        growing the captive population to a secure population size
        
        managing the captive population over generation
        
        founding of the captive population
        
        selecting the individuals for introduction
        
        decline of the wild population
        
        managing the re-introducion populations
        
        Wildlife Translocations
        
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        procedures
        
        breeding techniques
        
        genetic adpatation in captivity
        
        choose fit and diverse founders
        
        assisted reproductive technologies in conservation
        
        Criticism:
        
        costs
        
        restriction on population size (limited space)
        
        only applicable to some specific species
        
        low success rate
        
        questionable quality of captive individuals
- - - - intriscic value
        
        Ecocentric
        
        Focuses on maintenance of ecological composition and processes
        
        BIo centric
        
        Humans have a moral and ethical obligation towards all life forms
      - Future value
        
        Future use value: biodiversity might be useful in the future
      - Utilitarian value
        
        Ecosystem service value
        
        productive value
        
        Scientific/educational, Cultural/spiritual/experiential/existence, aesthetic/recreational/tourist values
        
        consumption value
      - precaustionary priciple
        
        we don’t understand it well enough to know how far we can push it, so it’s better being on the safe side
      - What biodiversity need to preserve
        
        the focus tends to be on taxonomic units -usually species
        Biological Species Concept (BSC): –two populations that can interbreed belong to the same species
        
        why do not just conserve everything ?
        
        The economic interests are always in direct conflict with conservation
  - - - Consequences:
        Some types of species especially affected
  - - - death
      - immigrants
      - Birth
      - emmigrants
    - - Population size and genetic variation
        
        genetic drift (the frequency of allees change)
        
        Genetic drift is a very powerful force determining that small populations have low
        diversity.
        The amount of genetic drift depends on Ne and is very intense at low Ne
        
        In reduced populations, common alleles are retained, rare alleles lost
        
        migration
        
        Mutation
        
        natural selection
        
        natural selection works best at larger population
        
        S</1/2 Ne is effecitvely neutral
        *(1)At small Nethe strength of selection has to be enormous for natural selection to ‘see’ an allele and act to make use of it
        (2)At small Neuseful genetic variation will be lost by genetic drift, as if it were useless
        
        Punchline: small population size stops evolution working well
        
        All four interact with popualtion size
    - - What causes small population really vulnerable? (Evolution and genetic variation perspective Key facts about Demographic and genetics cause populations vulnerability
        
        phenotypic variations Individuals differ through genes and environment
        
        Demographic variation birth rate and death rate
        
        Environmental Variation good year bad year
        
        catastrophes
        
        spatial variation
  - - - Functional genetics
        -genes controlling the important function and phenotypes
      - :Molecular genetics
        -the natural history of DNA
      - Both of these take advantage of genetic markers
        
        We can use the information to track relationshipsat a range of scales:
        •Individuals
        •Parentage
        •Relatedness
        •Population relatedness
        •Species
        
        Three main principles of genetic markers
        
        genome location
        
        MtDNA
        
        Nuclear DNA ( SNPS)
        single Nucleotide polymorphisms
        SNPS: Important type of marker, extremely abundant in the nuclear genome and readily screened by modern sequencing approaches
        
        Differences between Mt DNA and Nuclear DNA is:
        mtDNA is inherited as a single unit, so it is effectively only one gene, MtDNA is good at finding groups (such as Australian green marine turtles case ), but when it comes to details, it would need nuclear DNA （ SNPS） help.
        -1.mtDNAhas lower effective population size (Ne) than nuclear DNA So it experiences stronger genetic drift and becomes different between populations and species relatively quickly
        \
        
        suitable level of variation to resolve the porblem at hand
        
        Heritable DNA sequence variation
  - - - see if two samples come from the same individual:
        
        genotype them with polymorphic molecular markers
        2.Calculate the probability that the genotypes match just by chance (PID), as opposed to matching because they really come from the same individuals
    - - individuals from a location will share alleles with each other more than they do with individuals from other locations
        So DNA marker data are good for estimating the population that individuals belong to, and can place individuals to species
  - - - Demographic connectivity
        -birth rates, death rates, immigration rates, emigration rates affect evolutionary processes
      - Genetic connectivity
        -degree to which gene flow affects evolutionary processes within populations
      - why population connectivity matters:
        
        persistence of individual populations(•persistence of individual populations(immigrant subsidy compensates for low survival or birth rates of residents)
        2.stability of metapopulations (recolonization)
    - - Physical consequences
        
        hydrology influence
        (salinity, sil erosion)
        
        rural-urban land use
        
        MIcro climate
      - BIological consequences
        
        Changes in population processes within species
        
        increase of relatedness and loss of biodiversity and may leed to inbreeding depression
        
        Lecture 17: Inbredding and Inbreeding depression
        
        what is inbreeding?
        
        Non-random mating within local populations
        
        1 more item...
        
        ncreased identity-by-descent throughout the genome of individuals (autozygosity,measur by the individualinbreeding coefficient, F)
        
        Genetic drift
        
        what is inbreeding depression
        -The harmful effects of individual inbreeding are called inbreeding depression
        lead to increased death rate and low birth rate
        
        Why does inbreeding depression happen
        
        4 more items...
        
        Isolation (restricted movement of biota through landscapes).
    - - connectivity
        
        functional connectivity
        
        structural connectivity