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Sampling Techniques (Probability Sampling (RANDOM selection of…

- - - - Everyone has an equal chance of being selected
      - Advantages;
        
        easiest method & most commonly used
        
        high generalisability of findings
      - Disadvantages;
        
        not as efficient as stratified random sampling
    - - Advantages;
        
        used when other methods are too complex or too expensive to conduct
      - Carried out in stages, narrowing down a large population to a manageable size (e.g. Australia, 3 random states, 5 schools/state, 200 students/school)
    - - Advantages;
        
        cost effective
      - Disadvantages;
        
        less efficient if you need larger sample sizes
      - Population divided into clusters, cluster are then randomly selected and all people within cluster become participants
    - - Advantages;
        
        ensures adequate sample size for subgroups in population of interest
      - Disadvantages;
        
        problematic if strata are poorly defined
        
        analysis is complicated
        
        time consuming
      - Population is divided into groups (or 'strata') & then continue by implementing simple random sampling [SRS] or systematic random sampling
    - - Participants selected from a list at intervals (selecting every nth person, e.g. every 4th person)
      - Advantages;
        
        very easy to use and to implement
      - Disadvantages;
        
        systematic bias is possible
        
        bias can be reduced if list order is randomized too
- - - - Advantages;
        
        easy access to participants
        
        cost effective
        
        can provide rich qualitative data
      - Participants chosen because they're convenient e.g. they may in close proximity of the researcher
      - Disadvantages;
        
        does not produce representative samples
        
        results are hard to replicate
    - - Advantages;
        
        used for hard-to-reach participants
        
        cost effective
      - Begin by identifying someone who meets the criteria for the study & then you ask them to recommend others they know who meet the criteria
      - Disadvantages;
        
        not used for generalizations, except for hard-to-reach participants
        
        relies on participants to increase sample size
    - - Advantages;
        
        ensures selection of adequate numbers of subjects with appropriate characteristics for the study
      - Participants are chosen according to pre-specified quotas regarding demographics, attitudes, behaviors or other criteria
      - Disadvantages;
        
        not used for generalizations
    - - Advantages;
        
        provide researchers with justifications to make generalizations from the studied sample
      - Disadvantages;
        
        high prob of researcher bias
      - Researcher looks for cases that will provide rich or in-depth information about the researched issue
- - - - Occur as a result of inconsistencies or errors in the sampling frame, hence the reason researchers should take care in designing the sampling frame
    - - Common & occur due to over- or under- representation of certain groups. Likelihood of errors can be reduced by increasing sample size