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Chapter 7 (Metabolic pathways control energy level of cells (Sources other…

- - - - Example: glycogen in muscle (provides ATP for muscle contraction)
        
        glycogen fed one-by-one (produces 3 ATP)
        
        GLuc-1-phosphate --> gluc-6 phosphate
  - - - triacylglycerol: rich in C-C and C-H bonds (carries potential energy)
      - B (beta) oxidation: fatty acids shortened (remove 2 C units from ends); releases NADH and FADH2 --> acetyl CoA --> citric acid cycle
      - Fatty acids produce more ATP than glucose, but not all tissues of body use it
    - - amino acids enter at glycolysis and/or citric acid cycle
  - - - catalyzed by PFK-1 (allosterically activated by ADP and AMP)
      - also regulated by citrate
  - - - lactic acid fermentation
      - does not form ATP
      - accumulates pH
    - - production of ATP through aerobic respiration
    - - liver glycogen supplements muscle glycogen
      - fatty acids released from adipose tissues
- - - - animals and bacteria
      - electron from NADH transferred to pyruvate to produce lactic acid and NAD+
    - - plants and fungi
      - pyruvate releases CO2 to form acetaldehyde
      - electrons transferred from NADH to acetaldehyde --> ethanol
    - - anaerobes and methanogens
      - yeast and cancer cells have mitochondria but choose to undergo fermentation for quick energy
      - Competing forces --> turn glucose into biomass quickly
  - - - These bacteria were then taken up through phagocytosis