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B4 - Bioenergetics (Photosynthesis (How plants use glucose (For…
B4 - Bioenergetics
Photosynthesis
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Takes place in chloroplasts in green plant cells. They contain pigments like chlorophyll which absorb light
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How plants use glucose:
-For respiration
-Making cellulose (for plant cell walls)
-Making amino acids (its combined with nitrate ions, from the soil, to make amino acids which are then made into proteins)
-Stored as oils or fats (turned into lipids for storing seeds)
-Stored as starch (stored in roots, stems and leaves ready to use when photosynthesis isn't happening, eg. in the winter. Its insoluble which makes it better for storing than glucose - storing glucose would draw loads of water and swell)
How plants use glucose
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Making amino acids
Its combined with nitrate ions, from the soil, to make amino acids which are then made into proteins
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Stored as starch
Energy storage - stored in roots, stems and leaves ready to use when photosynthesis isn't happening, eg. in the winter. Its insoluble which makes it better for storing than glucose - storing glucose would draw loads of water and swell)
Greenhouses
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Using a greenhouse helps keeps plants free from pests and diseases. Fertilisers can be used also to provide minerals for healthy growth
A gardener must ensure they keep the conditions just right so plants can grow the fastest and a decent crop can be harvested more often which can be sold
However, a gardener must not supply too much as this would be a waste of money
Rate of Photosynthesis
Limiting Factors
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Any one of these can become the limiting factor if they are the factor preventing photosynthesis from happening faster
Temperature
If its too hot, the enzymes could be denatured and so not work.
This happens at about 45C which is very hot for outdoors, however greenhouses can get this hot if not monitored
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Light Intensity
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You can move a lamp closer/further from the plant to test this, but you would need to use a light meter to measure the light intensity
It only increases until a certain point, then it won't make a difference (as CO2 or temperature is now the limiting factor)
Interpreting graphs
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As light intensity increases, so does the rate
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Now the temperature must be the limiting factor because when the temperature is increased (from 15C to 25C) the rate increases
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Now the carbon dioxide concentration must be the limiting factor because when the CO2 conc. is increased (from 0.04% to 0.4%) the rate increases. It cannot be temperature as this remains constant
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Respiration
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Anaerobic
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Animals
If, during vigorous exercise, you body can't supply enough oxygen to your muscles, they start respiring anaerobically
It's the incomplete breakdown of glucose, making lactic acid
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Plants & Yeast
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Fermentation is of great value in the food and drinks industry as it's used to make bread and alcoholic drinks, eg. wine and beer
In bread making, it's the CO2 from fermentation that makes bread rise
In beer and wine making, it's the fermentation process that produces alcohol (ethanol)
Respiration is the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose which occurs in every cell
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How organisms use energy
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In mammals and birds, to maintain body temperature in colder surroundings
Exercise
Energy
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Your heart rate increases to get his oxygenated blood around the body faster. It also removes CO2 faster
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During exercise, your muscles contract more which requires energy from respiration. This energy comes from increased respiration allowing more oxygen to get to your cells
Oxygen Debt
After respiring anaerobically, you'll have an oxygen debt when you stop exercising
This is the amount of extra oxygen your body needs to react with the build up of lactic acid to remove it
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This is why you continue to heavily breath after you stop exercising, to get more oxygen into your blood
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Another way your body copes with high levels of lactic acid is by transporting it to the liver (via the blood) where it is converted back to glucose
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