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Corrections (Jail & Prisoner Rights (What is a jail? (3,376 jails in…

- - - - primarily county control
      - BOP operates 12
  - - - convicted 37.2%
      - Unconvicted 62.8%
    - - Male 85.3%
      - Female 14.7%
    - - African-American 35.4%
      - White 47.4%
      - Hispanic 14.9%
  - - - end of "Hands-off" period
      - Uses the Civil Rights Act of 1871, Section 1983 to access federal court as a state inmate
      - Inmates could now use Sec. 1983 to sue in regard to conditions, treatment, nutrition, medical care, etc.
  - - - Griffin v. Wisconsin (1987)
      - Samson v. California (2006)
    - - Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)
      - Gangon v. Scarpelli (1973)
  - - - set personnel procedure
  - - - may sue employee due to violation by agency's "customs and usages"
        
        policy
        
        poor supervision
        
        inadequate or insufficient training
- - - - "evil" child
      - discipline at hands of family, law if not able
  - - - community corrections
      - community service
      - restitution
      - fines
    - - residential treatment programs
      - detention/incarceration
- - - - separate system
      - Quaker idea of reformation through isolation, repentance
      - Walnut Street Jail/Eastern State Penitentiary
    - - congregate system
      - Auburn Penitentiary, New York
      - isolated at night, work together during day
      - began contract labor system involving inmates
  - - - inmate change rewarded by release
      - indeterminate sentednces
      - separation of sexes
    - - marks system
  - - - medical/psychological treatment
      - vocational training
      - education
  - - - Civil Rights movement
      - Vietnam War
  - - - longer sentences
      - mandatory sentences
      - 3 strikes legislation
      - greater use of incarceration
- - - - Grace
      - Contract
      - Custody
  - - - strict imprisonment
      - labor on chain gang
      - limited freedom
      - ticket of leave/conditional pardon
      - full restoration of liberty
    - - ticket of leave transitioned to condition-based parole
  - - - is not supervised in the community
    - - released conditional parole supervision
  - - - keep community safe
      - enforce conditions or release
      - may search without notice, warrant
      - arrest without bail for suspected violations
    - - assist with housing, employment
      - liaison between parole and the community
      - build relationship for success
  - - - hearing to determine probable cause
      - parole board determines if violation, and response
    - - attempt keep parolee in community
- - - - approx 152,000 inmates over age 55
      - increases cost due to medical needs, security needs
      - average cost is $69,000 per year (about 3x cost of younger inmate)
      - programming and environmental needs
    - - 1.6% of state prison inmates
        
        may be low estimate due to lack of testing
      - decline in AIDS related deaths
      - increased medical costs
      - programming/education
    - - deinstitutionalization of mental healthcare
        
        increase in use of prescription medication
        
        outpatient w/ meds less expensive
      - influx of mentally ill into CJS
        
        revolving door
      - issues of
        
        cost
        
        security
        
        psychiatric units
    - - 20+ years; natural life
      - transition into elderly inmates
      - issues of
        
        mental health
        
        programming
        
        connection to community
  - - - created within prison?
      - imported?
    - - Doing time
      - Gleaning
      - Jailing
      - Disorganized
  - - - goods
      - services
  - - - age
      - race
      - mental illness
    - - prisoner --> prisoner
      - prisoner --> officer
      - officer --> prisoner
- - - - daily operation
      - compliance
  - - - Male 75%
      - Female 25%
- - - - John Augustus, Boston 1841
      - First statewide system in Massachusetts, 1880
      - 21 states by 1920
      - 44 states by beginning of WWII
      - began as second chance, evolved to supervision & service provision (case management)
      - now incorporates risk assessment
    - - Centralized vs. Decentralized
        
        combines with parole
        
        funding
        
        training
        
        which one is Indiana? (Decentralized)
      - Works best with solid working relationship between judge and supervising officer
    - - attend court
        
        new PSIs requested
        
        update or modification hearings
        
        revocation
        
        technical violation
      - write Presentence Reports
      - supervision of clients
        
        home, work
  - - - how is this different from fines? (money goes to victim instead of the court like fines)
    - - what is this? (the act of taking away assets from someone. Ex, drug dealers car)
  - - - requires telephone service
      - costly to offender
      - high failure rate
    - - daily check-ins
      - often require programming
    - - probation diversion
      - institutional diversion
  - - - shock incarceration
      - youthful offenders
      - resolve "discipline issues"
      - decline in use since 2000s