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Diversity (Living Things (Characteristics (Grow (Increase in height,…

- - - - Increase in height
      - Increase in size
      - Change in appearance
  - - - Vertebrates (have backbone)
        
        Reptiles (e.g. snake, crocodile)
        
        Dry scaly skin
        
        Lay eggs on dry land
        
        Cold-blooded
        
        Fish (e.g. shark, tuna)
        
        Scales on body
        
        Gills for breathing
        
        Most die if out of water for too long (mudskippers can last a few hours)
        
        Cold-blooded
        
        Amphibians (e.g. frog, newt)
        
        Moist slimy skin
        
        Lay eggs in water
        
        Cold-blooded
        
        Birds (e.g. wren, swan)
        
        Feathers and wings
        
        Lay eggs
        
        Beaks
        
        Warm-blooded
        
        Mammals (e.g. cow, human)
        
        Fur/hair
        
        Feed young on milk
        
        Warm-blooded
      - Invertebrates (no backbone)
        
        Protozoa
        
        Single-celled
        
        Microscopic
        
        Coelenterates (e.g. jellyfish, sea anemone)
        
        Soft-bodied
        
        Stinging cells
        
        Flatworms (e.g. tapeworm, fluke)
        
        Simple and soft-bodied
        
        Arthropods -- hard external skeleton, jointed limbs
        
        Arachnids (e.g. spider, scorpion)
        
        Four pairs of legs on cephalothorax
        
        Two body parts
        
        Cephalothorax (fused head and thorax)
        
        Abdomen
        
        No antennae
        
        Crustaceans (e.g. crab, lobster)
        
        Mostly sea creatures
        
        Many legs
        
        Two sets of antennae
        
        Insects (e.g. bee, ladybird)
        
        Wings on thorax
        
        Three pairs of legs on thorax
        
        One pair of antennae on head
        
        Three body parts
        
        Head
        
        Thorax
        
        Abdomen
        
        Myriapods (e.g. centipede, millipede)
        
        Many legs
        
        Many body segments
        
        Annelid worms (e.g. earthworm, leech)
        
        Segmented bodies
        
        Molluscs (e.g. snail, limpet)
        
        Soft-bodied
        
        Most have shells
        
        Echinoderms (e.g. starfish, sea urchin)
        
        Spiny sea creatures
    - - Cannot make own food
      - Depend on other living things (dead or alive) for food
      - Reproduce from spores
      - Found in moist and warm places
    - - Can be classified based on reproductive patterns
        
        Non-flowering
        
        Flowering
      - Can be classified based on habitat
        
        Grow on land
        
        Grow in water
        
        Fully submerged
        
        Partially submerged
        
        Floating
      - Plant parts and functions
        
        Roots
        
        Anchor/hold plant firmly to ground, provides support for stem
        
        Takes in water and mineral salts through root hairs (tiny roots)
        
        Some roots store food (e.g. carrot, sweet potato, tapioca)
        
        Stem
        
        Support branches and leaves, spread them to receive sunlight
        
        Contains tubes to carry water (and mineral salts) from roots to all other parts
        
        Contains tubes to carry food from leaves (where it is made) to all other parts
        
        Some plants have weak stems, and use other plants, walls or fences for support, or creep along the ground (e.g. morning glory, sweet potato)
        
        Leaves
        
        Absorb light from Sun to make food
        
        Has tiny openings (stomata) that allow it to take in and give out gases (e.g. oxygen and carbon dioxide)
        
        Have parts such as
        
        Leaf veins
        
        Vein patterns: network, parallel
        
        Leaf blade
        
        Shapes: round, oval, palm, lance, heart
        
        Edges: toothed (jagged), entire, lobed
        
        Leaf stalk
        
        Flowers (only flowering plants)
        
        To develop into fruits
        
        To attract insects and animals
        
        Some grow singly: hibiscus, rose, water lotus
        
        Some grow in bunches/clusters: orchid, bougainvillea, ixora
        
        Fruits (only flowering plants)
        
        Contain
        
        Seeds
        
        To grow into a new plant
        
        May be edible: beans, melon seeds
        
        May be inedible: mango seed, rambutan seed
        
        Flesh
        
        Skin
        
        To protect the seeds
        
        To help scatter the seeds
        
        Some are juicy and fleshy while others are hard and dry, may be edible or inedible
      - Make their own food (they are food producers)
        
        Through process of photosynthesis
        
        Which requires
        
        Sunlight
        
        Carbon dioxide
        
        Chlorophyll
        
        Water
        
        Which produces food and oxygen
- - - - Strength
        
        Strong
        
        Weak
      - Flexibility
        
        Flexible
        
        Stiff
      - Buoyancy
        
        Floating in water
        
        Sinking in water
      - Transparency
        
        Opaque (no light passes through)
        
        Transparent (most light passes through)
        
        Translucent (some light passes through)
      - Absorption of water
        
        Waterproof
        
        Non-waterproof
    - - Fabric
        
        Wool
        
        Silk
        
        Cotton
        
        Man-made fabrics
        
        Nylon
        
        Rayon
      - Rubber
      - Wood
      - Metal
      - Ceramic
      - Plastic
      - Glass