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Organ Systems (Resources that an animal cell requires (nutrients and…

- - - - Diffusion: Net Movement: the time it takes for a substance to diffuse from one place to another is proportional to the square of the distance.
      - Net movement of diffusion is rapid only over very small distances.
        
        How each cell participates in exchange:
        
        body plan that places many or all cells in direct contact w/ environment.
        
        Cnidarians and flatworms
        
        Circulatory System: moves fluid b/w each cell's immediate surrounding and the body tissues where exchange w/ environment occurs.
  - - - Transports hemolymph
        
        uses less energy to circulate
    - - Blood is transported
        
        effective oxygen delivery to all cells
        
        requires more energy :unamused:
      - Closed: aka Cardiovascular system
- - - - Better blood flow to the brain, muscles and other organs b/c heart repressurizes the blood
  - - - Blood loads O2 and unloads CO2 as it flows through capillary beds in left and right lungs
        
        Oxygen rich blood returns from lungs to left atrium of heart
        
        blood flows into left ventricle which pumps oxygen rich blood to body tissues
        
        blood leaves left ventricle thru aorta, conveying blood to arteries throughout body.
        
        Aorta lead to capillary beds in the head and arms then to abdominal organs and legs
        
        oxygen poor blood is channeled into the superior vena cava
        
        1 more item...
    - - whole blood= cells and cell fragments (platelets) suspended in a liquid matrix called Plasma
        
        Plasma: nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, water..
      - Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
        
        Transport oxygen
      - White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
        
        fight infections
- - - - movement of O2 and CO2 across respiratory surface takes place by diffusion
  - - - air passes through larynx, trachea and bronchi to broncheoles
        
        branches of pulmonary arteries convey oxygen poor blood to alveoli
        
        branches of veins transport oxygen rich blood from alveoli to the heart
- - - - If water is excessive
        
        animal cells swell and burst
      - If water loss is substantial
        
        animal cells shrivel and die
    - - how water enters and leaves cells
        
        Osmolarity- measurement for solute concentration.
        
        mole/liter of solution
    - - Controls internal osmolarity independent from external environment
        
        move b/w marine and freshwater
    - - isoosmotic with sorroundings
        
        Marine animals
    - - layers of epithelial cells that move particular solutes in controlled amounts
- - - - Urea
        
        Ammonia and Carbon dioxide produce urea in the liver
        
        low toxicity/high energy cost
        
        Vertebrates
      - Uric Acid
        
        does not readily dissolve in water
        
        excreted as a paste/little water loss
        
        requires more energy than urea,
        
        Insects, land snails, birds
      - Ammonia
        
        ammonia can be tolerated at low concentrations
        
        animals who excrete this must have access to lots of water
        
        Most common in aquatic species
  - - - Filtrate from blood is collected. water and solutes forced by blood pressure thru membranes into excretory tubule
    - - transport epithelium recovers useful molecules from filtrate and returns to body
    - - toxins and excess ions extracted from body fluids and added to filtrate
    - - filtrate leaves system as urine
- - - - ball of capillaries
    - - Sorrounds glomerulus
    - - Reabsorption occurs here
    - - Reabsorption of water
        
        Transport epithelium freely permeable to water here
    - - Regulate K+ and NaCl
    - - receives processed filtrate from many nephrons and transports to renal pelvis
    - - Transport epithelium lacks water channels
        
        Impermeable to water