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UNIT 2 (Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange (42.4 Blood components…
UNIT 2
Chapter 42
Circulation and Gas Exchange
42.4
Blood components function in exchange, transport, and defense
.
42.5
Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces
.
42.3
Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels
.
42.6
Breathing ventilates the lungs.
42.2
Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive circulation in mammals.
42.7
Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments that bind and transport gases.
42.1
Circulation systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body.
Chapter 44
Osmoregulation and Excretion
44.3
Diverse excretory systems are variations on a tubular theme.
Most excretory systems carry out
filtration,
reabsorption,
secretion
, and
excretion
.
44.4
The nephron is organized for stepwise processing of blood filtrate.
44.2
An animal's nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat.
Protein and nucleic acid metabolism generates
ammonia.
Most aquatic animals excrete ammonia.
Mammals and most adult amphibians convert ammonia to the less
urea
, which is excrete with minimal loss of water.
Insects and many reptiles, including birds, convert ammonia to
uric acid,
a mostly insoluble was excrete in a paste-like urine
The kind of nitrogenous waste excrete depends on an animal's evolutionary history and habitat.
The amount excreted is coupled to the animal's energy budget and dietary protein intake.
44.5
Hormonal circuits link kidney function, water balance, and blood pressure.
44.1
Osmoregulation balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes.
Cells balance water gain and loss through
osomoregulation
Controlled movements of solutes between internal fluids and external environment and the movement of water.
Water-conserving excretory organs help terrestrial animals avoid desiccation, which can be life-threatening.
Animals that live in temporary waters may enter a dormant state callled
anhydrobiosis
when their habitats dry up.
Osmoconformers
Isoosmotic with their marine environment and do not regulate their
osmolarity .
They control water uptake and loss in a hypoosmotic or hyperosmotic environment, respectly.
Transport epithelia contain specialized epithelial cells that control the solute movements required for waste disposal and osmoregulation.