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Software Quality (Software Testing ( The purpose of software testing is…

- - - -  V&V is a whole life-cycle process
        o V & V must be applied at each stage in the software
        process
         V&V has two principal objectives
        o The discovery of defects in a system
        o The assessment of whether or not the system is usable
        in an operational situation
        
        Static and Dynamic
        
         Software testing:
        o Concerned with exercising and observing product
        behavior
        o Dynamic V&V
         Software inspections:
        o Concerned with studying software product artifacts to
        discover defects
        o Static V&V
        o May be supplemented by tool-based (semi-automated)
        document and code analysis
        
        V&V Confidence
        
         Depends on:
        o System’s purpose
        • Criticality of software function
        • Mission critical (organization depends on it)
        • Safety critical
        • Societal impact
        o User expectations
        o Marketing environment
         Cost-benefit trade-offs
        o High confidence is expensive. Is it necessary?
        
        How do you plan for V&V
        
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- - - -  The following need to be considered: Scope, Stakeholders,
        Risks, Internal and External Environmental Factors, Process
         Project-specific standards and procedures are created
        o Based on quality standards for each deliverable
        o Includes how PM activities themselves should be done
        o Plans/Project must comply with external standards (CISG,
        ISO 9000, OSHA, etc)
        o Plans/Project must comply with organizational standards
        o Plans/Project must meet the customer’s quality standards
        o Tracking / Proof may be needed (metrics, measurements,
        etc.)
        
        Classification of QA Technique
        
         Defect Prevention
        o Remove (human) error sources
        o Block defects from being injected into software artifacts
         Defect Reduction
        o Detect defects
        • Inspection
        • Testing
        o Remove defects
        • Debugging—iterate on the software engineering activity
        • Rework requirements, design, code, etc.
         Defect Containment
        o Fault tolerance
        o Fault containment
        
        Defect Preventatuon
        
        Remove the root causes of errors
         Education and training address human misconceptions that
        cause errors
        o Domain and product knowledge
        o Software engineering process
        o Technology knowledge
         Formal methods can help identify and correct imprecise
        specifications, designs and implementations
         Standards conformance, use of best practices and patterns
        can help prevent fault injection
        
        Defect REduection
        
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