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PPT 4: STRESS INTRO (STRESS as stimulus (TYPES (environmental stressors --…
PPT 4: STRESS INTRO
STRESS as stimulus
stress, stressor:
change/stimulus in an environment
MEASUREMENT of stress
Major Life Events scale/ social readjustment rating scale
pos/neg change is stressful, items assigned score/unit based on severity
correlations to acute/chronic health problems like heart disease, broken bones, poor academic performance, etc
more major life events = more likely to catch a cold
items like -- death of spouse, divorce, conflict with inlaws
had people give items a rating, then averaged
TYPES
acute stressors
(fight or accident, etc) (limited.
daily hassles
-- ie. missing an appt)
chronic
(prolonged/repeating) -- job strain
stressor sequences
(prolonged, multiple types of challenges ie. chronic or acute, like divorce)
environmental stressors
-- natural or human caused disasters, like noise, air pollution, crowding
evidence -- living near an airport = higher cortisol, hypertension, heart disease
increased anxiety + depression 2 years later due to deepwater horizon oil spill
STRESS AS RESPONSE
purely
physiological
response = fight or flight
STAGES
stressor/stimulus in the environment
appraising the stress
the outcome -- whether you think it's a threat or not
stress response
= fight vs. flight
psychological
transaction b/w person + environment
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
primary appraisal
-- is this a threat?
secondary appraisal
-- do i have resources to deal with it?
measurement of stress appraisal
PERCEIVED STRESS SCALE
scale from 1 -4 , feelings/thoughts abt individual over last few months
FIGHT/FLIGHT
fight -- attack/approach
flight -- escape/avoid
MOBILIZATION,
INCREASED ENERGY,
INCREASED FOCUS
CATHECHOLAMINES
epinepherine
(adrenaline),
norepinephrine
(noadrenaline) -- released by adrenal glands (part of
SNS/sympathetic nervous system)
NTs/hormones that regulate heart rate, metabolism, respiration, oxygen to brain/muscles, etc.
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
cortisol
-- compliments SNS, comes from HPA axis and tells adrenal glands to release cortisol after initial surge of adrenaline -- keep the 'gas pedal' of the SNS running
suppresses nonessential systems, reduce inflammation, increase blood pressure/glucose (esp to brain)
return to
homeostatis
, negative feedback loop, lower when threat is gone
accompanied by:
increased heart rate
increased breathing
tense muscles
tunnel vision
REST/DIGEST
parasympathetic nervous system
regen/reconstructive processes
heart rate/blood pressure slow
decrease muscle tension
resp rate back to normal
this is
homeostasis
GAS (GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
alarm
-- physio mobilization for action, fight vs flight
resistance
- body tries to adapt to stimulus
exhaustion
-- breakdown of organs, disease, death -
burnout
cortisol spikes during stage one but slowly declines until failure
ALLOSTATIC LOAD
wear and tear, accumulating effects that result from body repeatedly to stressors over time -- ie. fluctuating hormone levels of epinephrine/cortisol, blood pressure, immune func.
impair ability to adapt to future stressors
CHRONIC STRESS RESPONSE
cortisol
stops working after time, HPA axis dysregulated
susceptible to infection, inflammation, immune system impairment
consistently high blood glucose, maturation of fat cells
hippocampal atrophy (shrinking hippcamp., cellular degen.)
pain, weight gain, fatigue, memory problems, depression, anxiety, cancer, heart disease, etc
FREEZE RESPONSE
predictors -- anxiety, panic during highly stressful events
dissociation during high stress events >> INCREASED change of developing PTSD
PTSD
stressor
intrusion
avoidance
neg alt. in cognitions/mood
alterations in arousal
more than a month
func. significance, has to be impairing
exclusive
-- rule out other causes
blunted
coritsol levels?
HARD TO STUDY -- due to influence of genetics, personal thresholds for stress/unique stress response, diet/exercise/mood, etc - inconsistent across most types of stressors
#
EXCEPT -- emergency care workerS???
*
read book
#
fight vs flight USED to be useful when most humans mostly struggled to live -- but now our only danger is social situation, highly impractical to have this kind of bodily reaction