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Ch 42, 44 (Respiratory (How do certain animals obtain oxygen? (Mammal…

- - - - Gills
    - - Skin
    - - Holes
    - - Gills
    - - Lungs
      - Bird cycles air through
        
        Can breathe in without needing to breathe out first
      - Breathing controlled through blood ph
    - - Lungs
      - Uses partial pressure to force air in and swallow it
    - - Gills
    - - Gills
  - - - injecting your own blood into your body right before a competition
    - - training in the higher altitude increases EPO production
        
        more EPO = more RBC = increased ability to carry O2
- - - - carry blood AWAY from the heart
      - arterioles
        
        smaller versions of arteries
        
        closer to capillaries
      - high pressure, thick elastic walls
    - - carry blood toward the heart
      - venules
        
        smaller versions of veins
        
        closer to capillaries
      - possess valves
        
        keep blood going in 1 direction
        
        allows blood to get back to heart despite low pressure
        
        unless it fails
        
        varicose veins
      - low pressure
    - - perform gas exchange
      - 5-10 microns in size
      - 2 factors that can alter blood flow through capillaries
        
        arterioles
        
        shut down arterioles and less blood getrs into capillaries
        
        smooth muscles around arterioles that can contract
        
        sphincters
  - - - origin of neural impulse
    - - send electrical signal through walls
    - - send signal down through the heart
      - in septum
    - - controls heart rate
      - slows/regulates the electrical current sent by SA node before letting it pass to the ventricles
    - - shows electrical activity of heart
- - - - 1 atrium, 1 ventricle
  - - - heart > O2 organ > heart > body
    - - frog has oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixed
      - no septum in heart
      - 2 atria, 1 ventricle
    - - has septum which separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
      - 2 atria, 2 ventricles
  - - - heart contracts
      - higher number
    - - heart relaxes
      - lower number
    - - 140/90
      - dangerous because it damages endothelium
      - leads to atherosclerosis
      - symptom, not the disease
      - blood vessels get pinched off which can cause heart attack
- - - - by regulating salt, you're also regulating water
  - - - osmolarity is 300 millimoles/L
    - - kidneys excrete small amounts of highly concentrated urine
      - key difference from human kidneys
        
        can make really concentrated or really diluted urine
        
        diluted is when they're heavy and need to fly
        
        concentrated is when they're digesting and need to get rid of urea
    - - juxtamedullary nephrons
      - loop of henle
    - - cortico/short medullary nephrons
        
        loops of henle don't go all the way down to medulla
        
        diluted urine
        
        water gets reabsorbed at end of excretion tract
    - - live in both water and land
        
        on land, suck the water from the bladder
    - - get rid of divalent ions by secreting them into proximal tubules
  - - - lots of h2o
      - most common in aquatic species
    - - very low toxicity
      - high energy cost
      - most terrestrial
    - - requires more energy than urea
      - insects, land snails, many reptiles
      - the part of bird pee that is bad for car paint
  - - - flatworms
      - dead end tubules w/ beating cilia inside hat filtrates and releases urine out
    - - earthworms
      - immersed in coelomic fluid
      - ciliated funnel around opening filters
    - - insects/arthropods
      - immersed in hemolymph
      - no filtration
      - transport epithelium that lines tubules secretes certain solutes
    - - filtration
        
        excretory tubule collects a filtrate from the blood
      - reabsorption
        
        transport epithelium reclaims valuable substances from filtrate and returns them to the body fluids
      - secretion
        
        toxins are extracted and added to the contents of the excretory tubule
      - excretion
        
        altered filtrate (urine) leaves the body
- - - - caused by worms that block the flow of interstitial fluid
  - - - can block flow to an organ and cause rupture
    - - sickle cell carriers are less susceptible to malaria
  - - - good cholesterol
    - - Bad cholesterol because it stores fat in your tissues
  - - - Smoking destroys the cilia
        
        Creates smokers cough
    - - Causes shallow breaths
- - - - stored in pituitary
      - water retention
  - - - renin
        
        angiotensinogen
        
        AT1
        
        AT2
        
        ADH
        
        BP increases