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Aetiology of Mood Disorders (Neurobiological (Neuroimaging (Amygdala, pf…
Aetiology of Mood Disorders
Neurobiological
Genetics (genes only predispose ppl to disorders)
% of having mood disorder 2-3x greater if relative has mood disorder, twin studies support relationship w/ depression ~37%,
Serotonin transporter gene, DRD4.2 gene > influences dopamine function
Neurotransmitters: norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin
Serotonin underproduction = deregulated neurotransmitter = deregulated mood
Increase in dopamine = hypomania, decrease = depressive
G Protein: high in mania, low in depression
Neuroimaging
Amygdala, pf cortex, hippo, sub-genual anterior cingulate (all regions that control emotions - these are related to depressive disorders
Elevated activity of amygdala > diminished activation in other regions
React with increased emotion but decreased ability to plan
Mania similar to depression: basal ganglia more active (related to reward), changes in neuronal membranes, Kinase C abnormally high
Neuroendocrine System
HPA axis > active in MDD
HPA axis triggers release of cortisol > cortisol linked to depression > high cortisol levels can be detrimental (e.g. hippocampal damage)
Social Factors
Stressful life events: 42-67% report serious life events prior to depression
Lack of social support
Interpersonal problems within family
Personality Factors
Affect: depression has high negative affect, low positive affect and moderate somatic arousal
Neuroticism: trait most associated with depression
Cognitive Theories
Beck's theory (1967): thinking is negative, which onsets depression, negative schema (of self, world, future) > cognitive biases > negative triad -- vicious cycle
Learned helplessness: depressive individuals believe that negative events are attributed to personal failures, lack of control, key dimensions: internal, stable, global
Psychological Factors of BD
Depression: negative life events, neuroticism, negative cognitions, emotion, etc
Mania: disturbance in brains reward system, events involving attaining goals predict mania, life events involving success may trigger cognitive changes in confidence