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ASESSMENT (FORMATIVE (EXAMPLES (DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT (Definitions and…

- - - - Definitions and purpose:
        The diagnostic assessment is a form of pre-assessment that allows a teacher to determine students' individual strengths, weaknesses, knowledge, and skills prior to instruction. Diagnostic assessment looks back to understand the pupil’s current position.
        It often takes place at the beginning of a learning programme and can be used to identify pupils’ strengths and areas for improvement. It can also be used to identify the nature of a pupil’s learning difficulties and form the basis for interventions to address the learning difficulties identified. This information should be shared with the pupil to plan the next steps to improve their learning.
        Advantages:
        
        It allows teachers to plan meaningful and efficient instruction. When a teacher knows exactly what students know or don't know about a topic, she can focus lessons on the topics students still need to learn about rather than what they already know.
        
        it provides information to individualize instruction. It may show a teacher that a small group of students needs additional instruction on a particular portion of a unit or course of study. He can then provide remediation for those students so that they can fully engage with new content.
        
        It creates a baseline for assessing future learning. It shows both the teacher and the students what is known before instruction has occurred. Thus, it sets a baseline on a topic.
        
        Disadvantages:
        Example:
        Recources:
    - - Definition:
        Self-assessment is a process of formative assessment during which students reflect on and evaluate the quality of their work and their learning, judge the degree to which they reflect explicitly stated goals or criteria, identify strengths and weaknesses in their work, and revise accordingly (2007, p.160).
        Advantages:
        
        Self-evaluation builds on a natural tendency to check out the progress of one‟s own learning.
        
        Further learning is only possible with the recognition of what needs to be learned.
        
        If a student can identify his/her learning progress, this may motivate further learning.
        
        Disadvantage:
        • Potentially increases lecturer workload by needing to brief students on the process as
        well as on-going guidance on performing self evaluation.
        • Self evaluation has a risk of being perceived as a process of presenting inflated grades
        and being unreliable.
        • Students feel ill equipped to undertake the assessment.
        
        Example:
        Students are invited to complete a simple self-assessment sheet according to agreed criteria and submit it with a completed assessment. To extend the benefits of the exercise, students can be asked to explain why they evaluated themselves in particular ways. Students can be awarded a percentage for completing the assessment or graded for the quality of their rationale for their self-assessment. Studies that evaluated the use of a simple self-assessment component like this report a number of benefits. One of the most interesting is the feedback from students that the self-assessment requirement made them return regularly to the criteria as they were working on the assignment and keep checking their own performance against them.
        Resources:
        Spiller, D. (2009). Assessment Matters: Self-Assessment and Peer Assessment. Retrieved from http://www.waikato.ac.nz/tdu/pdf/8_SelfPeerAssessment.pdf
    - - Definition:
        Peer assessment is an assessment that involves students providing feedback or grades (or both) to other students on the product or performance, based on the criteria of excellence for that product or event which students may have been involved in determining.
        Advantages;
        
        Peer learning builds on a process that is part of our development from the earliest years of life (it is the practice of formal education and the centrality of the teacher that makes us lose sight of this).
        
        Peer feedback can encourage collaborative learning through interchange about what constitutes good work.
        
        Peer learning draws on the cognitive apprenticeship model.
        
        Students can help each other to make sense of the gaps in their learning and understanding and to get a more sophisticated understanding of the learning process.
        
        The conversation around the assessment process is enhanced. - Research evidence indicates that peer feedback can be used very effectively in the development of students‟ writing skills.
        
        Disadvantages:
        Additional briefing time can increase a lecturer’s workload.
        • The process has a degree of risk with respect to reliability of grades as peer pressure to
        apply elevated grades or friendships may influence the assessment, though this can be
        reduced if students can submit their assessments independent of the group.
        • Students will have a tendency to award everyone the same mark.
        • Students feel ill equipped to undertake the assessment.
        • Students may be reluctant to make judgements regarding their peers.
        • At the other extreme students may be discriminated against if students ‘gang up’ against
        one group member.
        
        Recouces:
        Spiller, D. (2009). Assessment Matters: Self-Assessment and Peer Assessment. Retrieved from http://www.waikato.ac.nz/tdu/pdf/8_SelfPeerAssessment.pdf
- - - - Definition and purpose:
        Performance-based assessment measures students' ability to apply the skills and knowledge learned from a unit or units of study. Typically, the task challenges students to use their higher-order thinking skills to create a product or complete a process Tasks can range from a simple constructed response (e.g., short answer) to a complex design proposal of a sustainable neighborhood.
        Advantages:
        Can be used to assess from multiple perspectives Using a student-centered design can promote student motivation Can be used to assess transfer of skills and integration of content Engages student in active learning Encourages time on academics outside of class Can provide a dimension of depth not available in classroom Can promote student creativity
        Disadvantages:
        Usually the mostly costly approach Time consuming and labor intensive to design and execute for faculty and students Must be carefully designed if used to document obtainment of student learningoutcomes Ratings can be more subjective
        Examples:
        In aquatics: students demonstarte 25m freestyle with side breathing
        Recources:
        Advantages and disadvantages of Performance based assessment. (n.d.). Retrieved October 29, 2017, from https://www.scribd.com/doc/49749305/Advantages-and-disadvantages-of-Performance-based-assessment
    - - Definition and purpose:
        Authentic assessment is the measurement of "intellectual accomplishments that are worthwhile, significant, and meaningful," as contrasted to multiple choice standardized tests. Authentic assessment can be devised by the teacher, or in collaboration with the student by engaging student voice.
        Advantages:
        
        Students rise to the occasion when they feel their work has real value outside of an academic exam, and mirrors what is done in real professions outside of the school.
        
        Help students to connect what they do here to life outside of school.
        
        Provides teachers with the true picture of how and where their students are in their learning; gives more information about their students’ strengths, weaknesses, needs and preferences that aid them in adjusting instruction towards enhanced teaching and learning
        
        Provides students many alternatives/ways to demonstrate best what they have learned; offers a wide array of interesting and challenging assessment activities
        
        Disadvantages:
        
        Harder to evaluate
        
        Time consuming
        
        Sometimes, time and effort spent exceed the benefits.
        
        Less economical
        
        Example:
        
        Resources:
        Advantages and disadvantages of Performance based assessment. (n.d.). Retrieved October 29, 2017, from https://www.scribd.com/doc/49749305/Advantages-and-disadvantages-of-Performance-based-assessment
    - - Definition and purpose:
        Portfolio It is a form of alternative assessment intended to accumulate evidence to measure growth over time of a student’s or teacher’s performance. It is a purposeful collection of student work that exhibits student’s efforts, progress and achievements in one or more areas. Each portfolio might contain a selection of exemplars of the student’s work.
        Advantages:
        Serves as a cross-section lens, providing a basis for future analysis and planning. Promotes a shift in ownership; students take an active role in examining what they have done and what they want to accomplish. Offers the possibility of assessing the more complex and important aspect of a learning area or subject matter. Covers a broad scope of knowledge and information from many different people involved in the assessment of students’ learning and achievement.
        
        Disadvantages:
        It may be seen as less reliable or fair than more quantitative evaluations. Having to develop one’s individualized criteria can be difficult or unfamiliar at first. It can be very time consuming for teachers to organize and evaluate the content of portfolios. Portfolio can be just a miscellaneous collection of artifacts that do not show patterns of growth and achievement. Data from portfolio assessments can be difficult to analyze or aggregate to show change.
        Example:
        
        Recources:
        Lyn Antonette Guadayo Rosal Follow. (2014, December 06). Portfolio assessment. Retrieved October 29, 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/ilovelagrosal/portfolio-assessment-42422639
    - - Definition and Purpose:
        A high-stakes test is a test with important consequences for the test taker. Passing has important benefits, such as a high school diploma, a scholarship, or a license to practice a profession.
        Advantages:
        Tests are based on clearly defined standards and provide important information on students' performance growth and declines
        Tests can highlight gaps in an individual student's knowledge, classroom achievement gaps or school achievement gaps
        Tests may also motivate students to improve their performance, especially when test results are tied to high school diplomas and grade promotion
        Disadvantages:
        The tests may lead to inaccurate inferences of student performance, due to non-test factors, such as anxiety and motivation, of the test-taker
        Teachers and educators are burdened with more standards to teach and end up teaching to the tests (as opposed to more individualized curriculum to meet student needs)
        High-stakes testing does not assess higher-level critical thinking skills
        Since each state can determine standards, different test criteria may lead to different overall conclusions on student and school achievement and performance
        There is an emphasis placed on punishing lower-performing schools and personnel and not enough emphasis on helping those schools improve
        Example:
        HS Lifeguarding. At the end of the semester, students in this class must take theories and performance exams based on American Red Cross. If they passed, they will be a certified lifeguard and know all around the world. If they passed this exam, they must re-take the class if wish to be a certified lifeguard.
        Resources:
        (n.d.). Retrieved October 29, 2017, from http://study.com/academy/lesson/high-stakes-testing-accountability-and-problems.html