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The Adaptive Mind (Operant Learning (Partial Reinforcement (schedules of…

- - - - positive punishment
        
        the addition of another punishment to deter the original behavior
        
        for staying out past curfew, you have to wash the dishes too
      - Positive reinforcement
        
        increase behavior
        
        increases behavior by rewarding original behavior
        
        more powerful than punishments
    - - negative punishment
        
        removal of something they desire
        
        take away their phone if they curse
      - negative reinforcement
        
        if they finish their vegetables, they wont have to do their chores
        
        removing tasks they didnt want to do as a reward
  - - - Fixed Ration schedule
        
        a behavior occur on a set number of times before reinforcement
      - Fixed interval schedule
        
        the reinforcement happens after a set duration of time
      - variable ratio schedule
        
        fluctuation of behaviors needed to receive reinforcement
      - variable interval schedule
        
        fluctuation in time interval before reinforcement
    - - continuous reinforcement suffered extinction more than partial b/c if they miss one day than the entire schedule is scrapped, whereas partial are suppose to miss days
  - - - the behaviors learned are not always directly expressed
- - - - saying a painting has a headache
- - - - salivating when you see food, this is the reaction
  - - - Pavlov said acquisition needs Contiguity
        
        Contiguity is the proximity in time between the Conditioned Stimuli and the Unconditioned Stimuli
        
        if they are spread too far apart, they may not be a connection made
  - - - the sudden reappearance of CRs from a period of rest
  - - - if a 2nd stimuli is presented that indicate the nonoccurrence
- - - - attention
        
        models that get our attention are more likely to be our imitatee
      - retention
        
        retaining a memory of what was done
      - reproduction
        
        ability to replicate what was done
      - motivation
        
        motivation for intimidating a model
- - - - connections between stimuli, behavior, or both
        
        helps us predict the future, based on past events
        
        if A happens, B is likely to follow
        
        Huge survival advantage b/c it gives us time to plan a reaction
      - two types of associative learning
        
        Classical Conditioning
        
        associations are made between pairs in chronology, sequentially
        
        seeing a bee and getting stung will form a connection that next time they'll be afraid of the bee
        
        Operant Conditioning
        
        connections in behaviors and their consequences
        
        studying hard will give you good grades
        
        causal connection
    - - rather than connections being made, the magnitude of a reaction changes based on a stimuli
      - 2 types of nonassociative
        
        Habituation
        
        reduced our reaction to a stimuli we have experienced many times before
        
        stimuli is harmless, nonthreatening, unchanging
        
        sleeping in a new bed will be bad the 1st night, but the 2nd will be easier
        
        used to preserve time and focus on important stimuli
        
        sensitization
        
        increased reaction to a stimuli
        
        after an earthquake people are more sensitive to other stimuli like movement and light flickering
        
        useful in dangerous situations, improves reaction time
    - - also called social learning or modeling
        
        learning by watching another perform
        
        useful in passing habits down generations, family, etc
- - - - inevitable, involuntary responses
      - promote fast, reliable responses to help your welfare
      - goosebumps
    - - fixed action patterns
      - born with set patterns of behavior when stimuli is presented
      - these instincts run to completion
      - very similar to reflexes, but more complex
      - yawning
        
        people with autism dont share this instinct
      - Imprinting of young birds and offspring to older adults
    - - relatively permanent behavior
      - these are something new we have learned that we could not before