Advantages and Disadvantages:
Being able to set up the baseline of the students’ learning before the beginning of a new unit is a major benefit to both students and teachers. Teachers are able to create lessons that are beneficial, challenging, and engaging according to the feedback gain from the diagnostic assessment. A possible disadvantage of diagnostic assessment is that it gives the teacher preconceptions about his class abilities and knowledge when in fact students might have very dissident reasons for good or bad performance on the pre-test.

Definition and Purpose:
Student portfolio tells a story about the student. It is a systematic collection of student work and related material that represent a student's activities, accomplishments, and achievements in one or more school subjects. This collection should include evidence of student reflection and self-evaluation, guidelines for selecting the portfolio contents, and criteria for judging the quality of the work. ("Defining Portfolio Assessment", 2017)

Advantages and Disadvantages:
The primary advantage of the portfolio assessment is that it measures performance based on authentic samples of student work. The portfolio gives students the opportunity to have various input into the learning process and to demonstrated knowledge in many different ways.
Portfolios take tame to be created and if not prepared with a specific goal in mind can turn into a random collection of students work without providing any valuable data.

Diagnostic assessment is an assessment for learning as it is used to determine the knowledge baseline and set the learning goals based on it.

Definition and Purpose:
Diagnostic assessment is used by the teacher to inform his teaching. Diagnostic assessment or a pre-assessment is a way of getting to know and evaluate students’ prior knowledge in order to meet them at their level. It is primarily used to diagnose student difficulties and to guide lesson and curriculum planning. ("What is Diagnostic Assessment? - Definition & Examples - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com", 2017).

Diagnostic assessment in kindergarten
Observation and class discussion as a form of diagnostic assessment can be beneficial in a kindergarten classroom. Depending on the unit and curriculum area other diagnostic tools can be used such as KWL charts, running records, informal reading assessments, and pre-tests.

Advantages and Disadvantages:
The main advantage of the self-assessment is students’ engagement in the process. During the self-assessment students are active participants and contributors in the revision process and in setting new learning goals. Students need to be taught how to conduct self-assessment, and that can be a complex and time-consuming process.

Self-assessment is an assessment for learning because it supports and guides the instruction and students involvement.

Definition and Purpose:
During the self-assessment students are evaluating their own work and learning progress. In this process, students are identifying their strengths and weaknesses as well the level of proficiency of their skills and knowledge and are encouraged to make improvements accruing to their findings. ("Student Self-Assessment | Teaching Commons", 2017)

Self-assessment in kindergarten
Self-assessment is possible but not an easy assessment tool on the kindergarten level. The self-assessment process needs to be taught and requires the self-awareness that might be difficult to achieve at the kindergarten level. A practical and easy way to use self-assessment in kindergarten is to use checklist where the students can tick the boxes of the skills they have mastered or knowledge that they have acquired.

Advantages and Disadvantages:
Summative assessment is a very straightforward way of establishing the level of students’ understanding and skills. It is often provided by the educational organizations and/or curriculum programs. Thus, summative evaluation is considered to be evaluative rather than being used as diagnostic. The real meaning is that this assessment is used to find out the learning growth and achievement. Summative assessment is also utilized to estimate the effectiveness of educational programs. The main disadvantage of summative evaluation is that it focuses on output at the end there is no chance to recover as the results are presented at the end. (Reddy, 2017). Summative tests focus mainly on the performance on the test disregarding the process and the progress that students have made in learning.

Summative assessment is the assessment of learning. This type of evaluation comes at the end of the unit of a period of time and its primary goal is determine (grade) students’ performance at one point in time. The summative assessment considers evaluation as a product. ("The differences between formative and summative assessment - Infographic", 2017)

Definition and Purpose:
Summative assessment is used to evaluate student’s learning at the end of an instructional unit by comparing it against some standard or benchmark. A summative evaluation takes place after a course or unit’s completion, not during the process, but after it. The purpose of this kind of assessment is to determine if a student has achieved the learning goals. ("The differences between formative and summative assessment - Infographic", 2017)

Examples of summative assessment in kindergarten
End of the unit tests and evaluations – Final presentations

Advantages and Disadvantages:
Although not very popular among educators high-stake test provide reliable, comparable and useful data. Some think that this type of assessment can increase accountability and educators’ performance. High-stake evaluation provides easily understandable information about the school and student performance—in the form of numerical test scores. (Concepts, 2017) The most significant disadvantage to this sort of assessment is that forces teacher and students to teach and learn for the test without paying attention to the more in-depth understanding and application of the knowledge.

This type of assessment is designed primarily as an assessment of learning. Once the tests are finished there is nothing that can be done. Regardless how the students perform on those test the next lesson will be taught as planned

Definition and Purpose:
A high-stakes test can be any test that is used to make important decisions about students, educators, schools, or districts to determine accountability and ranking. “In general, “high stakes” means that test scores are used to determine punishments (such as sanctions, penalties, funding reductions, negative publicity), accolades (awards, public celebration, positive publicity), advancement (grade promotion or graduation for students), or compensation (salary increases or bonuses for administrators and teachers).” (Concepts, 2017)

High-stakes assessment in kindergarten
Typically there are no high-stakes assessments on the kindergarten level.

Examples of performance-based assessment in kindergarten Group projects – presentations – plans – building of making of 3D models

Performance-based assessment can be used as both assessments for and of learning. If used as an assessment for learning this kind of evaluation can provide feedback for both students and teachers that will help them determine future goals and learning strategies. At the same time, performance-based assessment can also be used as the end of the unit assessment of students knowledge and skills.

Advantages and Disadvantages:
Performance-based assessment promotes students’ motivation, active engagement, creativity and deeper thinking. This kind of evaluation puts a teacher into a mentor’s role creating mutually supportive and productive student-teacher relationship. Performance-based assessment serves both a summative and formative purpose it can tell teachers about what content a student has or has not mastered, and additionally, offer insight into what concepts students are struggling with or where they get lost in a process. Performance-based assessments are not able to test as much material as tests in the same amount of time. Therefore, performance-based assessments usually require additional time to administer—this takes away from instructional time. The scoring of performance-based assessment can be complex and therefore requires a high level of expertise on the teacher’s side. ("Pros and Cons of Performance-based Assessment | Kirsten Lee Hill", 2017)

Definition and Purpose:
A performance-based assessment deterrents students' ability to apply the skills and knowledge learned. It requires that students use and implement their knowledge and skill to in problem-solving. Although performance-based assessments vary, the majority of them share important characteristics. The assessment accurately measures one or more specific course standard, and at the same time it should be complex, authentic, process/product-oriented, time-bound and open-ended (Patricia Hilliard, 2017).